), an order of monks founded by St. Bruno of Cologne in 1084 in the valley of Chartreuse, north of Grenoble, Fr. The individual cells are organised so that the door of each cell comes off a large corridor. [61] Some historians believe that the suppression of the English monasteries may have stamped out an industrial revolution. [17], By the 15th century, however, of all the orders in Ireland, the Cistercians had most comprehensively fallen on evil days. They formed a body of men who lived alongside of the choir monks, but separate from them, not taking part in the canonical office, but having their own fixed round of prayer and religious exercises. The church was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary on 16 November 1106, by the Bishop of Chalon sur Sane. These names were adapted to the English charterhouse, meaning a Carthusian monastery. [9], The remaining monks of Cteaux elected Alberic as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. [4], Farming operations on so extensive a scale could not be carried out by the monks alone, whose choir and religious duties took up a considerable portion of their time; and so from the beginning the system of lay brothers was introduced on a large scale. [85] It was as agriculturists and horse and cattle breeders that the Cistercians exercised their chief influence on the progress of civilisation in the Middle Ages. They ate neither fish nor eggs. They describe monks clad in hair shirts and white habits living a silent, meditative life, spending most of the day alone in their cells. Studying under his uncle, a parish priest, Benedict tried to join the Trappists, Carthusians and Cistercians to enter religious life but was unsuccessful due to his poor health and a lack of . In 1371 Sir Walter Mauny, another of Edward IIIs captains encouraged by John Luscote, prior of Hinton founded the London Charterhouse on the site of a plague cemetery. Its buildings clearly reflect the solitary lives of Carthusian monks the site is dominated by separate cells clustered around the Great Cloister. Attendance was compulsory, and absence without leave was severely punished. [94] He also rejected the notion that crusaders could be regarded as martyrs if they died while despoiling non-Christians. Cistercian Monastery of Our Lady of the Holy Spirit. Visitors to Mount Grace today can see the layout of the whole monastery, including a reconstructed monks cell. (adj.) [45] Absenteeism among Irish abbots at the General Chapter became a persistent and much criticised problem in the 13th century, and escalated into the conspiratio Mellifontis, a "rebellion" by the abbeys of the Mellifont filiation. A feature unique to Carthusian liturgical practice is that the bishop bestows on Carthusian nuns, in the ceremony of their profession, a stole and a maniple. One such reformer, Abbot John Troy of Mellifont, despaired of finding any solution to the ruin of the order. From one point of view, it may be regarded as a compromise between the primitive Benedictine system, in which each abbey was autonomous and isolated, and the complete centralization of Cluny, where the Abbot of Cluny was the only true superior in the entire Order. In short, so many and so marvellous are the varieties of divers shapes on every hand, that we are more tempted to read in the marble than in our books, and to spend the whole day in wondering at these things rather than in meditating the law of God. [45] In breadth and depth, his instructions constituted a radical reform programme: "They were intended to put an end to abuses, restore the full observance of the Cistercian way of life, safeguard monastic properties, initiate a regime of benign paternalism to train a new generation of religious, isolate trouble-makers and institute an effective visitation system. [101] In a Cistercian monastery, there are three reasons for speaking: functional communication at work or in community discussion, spiritual exchange with ones superiors or spiritual adviser on different aspects of ones personal life, and spontaneous conversation on special occasions. Catholic AnswerThe Cistercians are Benedictine monks who follow the Rule more closely than the Order of St. Benedict. These forms of communication are integrated into the discipline of maintaining a general atmosphere of silence, which is an important help to continual prayer.[101]. Perth Charterhouse, the single Carthusian Priory founded in Scotland during the Middle Ages, was located in Perth. The order began when Bruno Hartenfaust, a canon and later chancellor of Reims in northern France, rejected what he saw as a corrupt and degenerate Church. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Gnral aux XIIe et XIIIe sicles", Les religieuses de Castille. [22] The abbey soon attracted zealous young men. But this information sounds credible.) The duties of the lay brothers, recruited from the peasantry, consisted in carrying out the various fieldworks and plying all sorts of useful trades. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Each monastery had a center open area called a cloister. For this they developed over time a very large component of uneducated lay brothers known as conversi. One early recruit at Witham, Alexander of Lewes, found the orders regime and the harsh reality of solitude altogether too much for him. [32] Eugene was an Italian of humble background, who had first been drawn to monasticism at Clairvaux by the magnetism of Bernard. Bruno had not intended to found a new monastic order. [8], The formation of a Carthusian begins with 6 to 12 months of postulancy. Founded by St Bruno in 1084, Grande Chartreuse monastery is the head monastery of the Carthusian Order. [8] During the first year, the monks set about constructing lodging areas and farming the lands of Cteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for Mass. The answer to that question involves a brief history lesson: In 1098 a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded a New Monastery in the Burgundian wilderness in a place called "Citeaux" in French or "Cistercium" in Latin, from which word we get the name Cistercian . For God's sake, if men are not ashamed of these follies, why at least do they not shrink from the expense? Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources. Today, they have kept many traditional parts of the liturgy in Latin and Gregorian chant, while putting others in the vernacular (local language). Carthusian monks were silent monks. Henry therefore ordered his Vicar-General, Thomas Cromwell, to break their resistance. The order used its own numbering system, which could express numbers from 0 to 9999 in a single sign. Hover to zoom. They inspired, among others, Bernard of Clairvaux, William of St. Thierry, Aelred of Rievaulx, and Peter the Venerable. [103][17] Numerous reforms took place among the nuns. [17], The Cistercian order maintained the independent organic life of the individual houses: each abbey having its own abbot elected by its own monks, its own community belonging to itself and not to the order in general, and its own property and finances administered without outside interference. In Liturgies of the Religious Orders, Archdale King takes us through six rites: the Carthusian rite, the Cistercian rite, the Premonstratensian rite, the Carmelite rite, the Dominican rite and, in an appendix, the Gilbertine rite. The London Charterhouse gave its name to Charterhouse Square in the City of London, as well as to the Charterhouse School, which was founded in 1611 on the site of the monastery. "[51], In 1335, the French cardinal Jacques Fournier, a former Cistercian monk and the son of a miller, was elected and consecrated Pope Benedict XII. They do not eat meals in community, like most other religious orders, nor do they ordinarily perform manual labor together. By the end of the 13th century, the Cistercian houses numbered 500. as well as by the Carthusians in 1141. The original church was replaced by the present construction from 1178, although construction progressed slowly due to attacks by the Moors. In 1153, the first King of Portugal, D. Afonso Henriques (Afonso, I), founded the Cistercian Alcobaa Monastery. [101] Cistercian monks and nuns have a reputation of being silent, which has led to the public idea that they take a vow of silence. The Carthusian monk is wholly dedicated to contemplation: sustained by the scriptures, and by the grace of the Holy Spirit led into the depths of his heart, the monk experiences in some sort the incomparable Beauty of the Light of God radiating from Christ. They are cenobites, that is they live in community as laid down by St. Benedict. What did the Cistercians believe? [66] In Spain, one of the earliest surviving Cistercian houses, the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda in Aragon, is a good example of such early hydraulic engineering, using a large waterwheel for power and an elaborate water circulation system for central heating. [63] This new "architecture of light" was intended to raise the observer "from the material to the immaterial"[64] it was, according to the 20th-century French historian Georges Duby, a "monument of applied theology". The Catholic Encyclopedia. The London Charterhouse gave its name to Charterhouse Square and several streets in the City of London, as well as to the Charterhouse School which used part of its site before moving out to Godalming, Surrey. The Cistercians were a group of Benedictines were branched off and established their order in 1098. One of the most important libraries of the Cistercians was in Salem, Germany. This was modeled upon the Cistercian rule for lay brothers, which included the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience; specific rules of silence; abstinence on four days a week; the recitation of a fixed number of Pater Nosters daily; to sleep in their armour; and to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross fleurdelise. They worked in the fields and did not study. The Basic structure of the Carthusian Life changed very little. [10] He returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance. In England they raised immense flocks of sheep, and in the thirteenth century they were the greatest wool merchants in the land. John Houghton, Prior of the London Charterhouse, and two other Carthusian priors then refused to swear to the Act of Supremacy passed later that year, acknowledging Henry as supreme head of the church in England. The Customs, which were formally ratified by the Pope in 1133, made the prior of the Grande Chartreuse the central authority of a new order. The nun, who may receive the consecration of virgins is then also invested with a crown and a ring. Both Carthusians and Cistercians are Catholic monastic orders. Not only are they isolated from the world, but they are also isolated from one another. [8] According to current Catholic legislation, priests can celebrate the traditional rites of their order without further authorization. At Matins, if no priest or deacon is present, a nun assumes the stole and reads the Gospel; and although in the time of the Tridentine Mass the chanting of the Epistle was reserved to an ordained subdeacon, a consecrated virgin sang the Epistle at the conventual Mass, though without wearing the maniple. A year after he entered the monastery, his . There are a large number of Cistercian nuns; the first community was founded in the Diocese of Langres in 1125; at the period of their widest extension there are said to have been 900 monasteries, and the communities were very large. The Cistercians were formed out of the Benedictine monastic lifestyle. Carthusian, member of Order of Carthusians (O. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the founding of the order. The. However, from the beginning the Carthusians set out to pursue this spirituality by making themselves utterly free for God ( vacare Deo . Do Carthusian monks talk? These lay brothers were bound by vows of chastity and obedience to their abbot, but were otherwise permitted to follow a form of Cistercian life that was less intellectually demanding. Carthusian monasteries are also referred to as 'charterhouses', a corruption of Chartreuse, the place in Savoy where St Bruno founded the original Carthusian community with six followers. [5] The Cistercians who remained within the Order of Cistercians are called the Cistercians of the Common Observance (OCist), distinguishing them from the Trappists. Unless required by other duties, the Carthusian hermit leaves his cell daily only for three prayer services in the monastery chapel, including the community Mass, and occasionally for conferences with his superior. [73] Later, an illustration from the latter half of the 16th century would show monks working alongside other craftsmen in the construction of Schnau Abbey. The carthusian monks and nuns present you their solitary life, their hermitages. [93], Although Bernard's De laude novae militiae was in favour of the Knights Templar, a Cistercian was also one of the few scholars of the Middle Ages to question the existence of the military orders during the Crusades. [5], Six years later, Bruno's former pupil, Pope Urban II, requested his services. It often happened that the number of lay brothers became excessive and out of proportion to the resources of the monasteries, there being sometimes as many as 200, or even 300, in a single abbey. [72] It is from the 12th century Byland Abbey in Yorkshire that the oldest recorded example of architectural tracing is found. [17], During the English Reformation, Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the confiscation of church land throughout the country, which was disastrous for the Cistercians in England. They eat together on Sundays and at great feasts, when they also have a period of conversation; and once a week they take a long walk together. [17], The nuns have also followed the division into different orders as seen among the monks. [67] The same "rational, integrated scheme" was used across Europe to meet the largely homogeneous needs of the order. [12], Similar to the tradition of the Byzantine Rite, Carthusians eschew the use of musical instruments in worship. [35] Nearly half of these houses had been founded, directly or indirectly, from Clairvaux, so great was St Bernard's influence and prestige. The Cistercians' clothing was made of undyed wool, hence they were called white monks. The monks became known as Carthusians and their priories as charterhouses. This is a list of Carthusian monasteries, or charterhouses, containing both extant and dissolved monasteries of the Carthusians . Subsequently, the novice takes simple vows and becomes a junior professed for 3 years, during which the professed wears the full Carthusian habit. The word Cistercian is derived from the Latin word for a Burgundian place name, Citeaux. Its first customary, often called its "rule," was written c . The lay brothers life is also strictly ordered but is lived in community. Guigo I, the fifth Carthusian prior after Bruno . This was almost half the number of those in England, but it was about thrice the number in each of Scotland and Wales. The Priory, said to have been a building of 'wondrous cost and greatness' was sacked during the Scottish Reformation in 1559, and swiftly fell into decay. [23] At this point, Cteaux had four daughter houses: Pontigny, Morimond, La Fert and Clairvaux. In Spain and France a number of Cistercian abbesses had extraordinary privileges. [6] The third Charterhouse built in Britain was Beauvale Priory, remains of which can still be seen in Beauvale, Greasley, Nottinghamshire. [a] Today, there are 23 charterhouses, 18 for monks and 5 for nuns. Carthusian. Some transferred from other monastic orders, while others began their religious careers as chaplains to important landowners. . [citation needed], In the mid-12th century, one of the leading churchmen of his day, the Benedictine Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis, united elements of Norman architecture with elements of Burgundinian architecture (rib vaults and pointed arches respectively), creating the new style of Gothic architecture. The area, about a mile from the centre of the city, is a conservation area, but the buildings are in use as part of a local college. Compared to the Benedictines and Cistercians, the Carthusians have a fairly simple and sober liturgy. What is clear is this: 400 years after his death, he was still widely quoted by Catholics and Protestants, both of whom claimed his . [18] He had a predominant influence and the power of enforcing everywhere exact conformity to Cteaux in all details of the exterior life observance, chant, and customs. [14], In the purity of architectural style, the beauty of materials and the care with which the Alcobaa Monastery was built,[76] Portugal possesses one of the most outstanding and best preserved examples of Early Gothic. [72], The Cistercian abbeys of Fontenay in France,[74] Fountains in England,[75] Alcobaa in Portugal,[76] Poblet in Spain[77] and Maulbronn in Germany are today recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. They are therefore part of the Benedictine order. [14], The outlines of the Cistercian reform were adumbrated by Alberic, but it received its final form in the Carta caritatis (Charter of Charity), which was the defining guide on how the reform was to be lived. The very raison d'tre of the Cistercian order consisted of its being a reform, by means of a return to primitive monasticism with its agricultural labour and austere simplicity. [68], The building projects of the Church in the High Middle Ages showed an ambition for the colossal, with vast amounts of stone being quarried, and the same was true of the Cistercian projects. The Carthusian monastic order was founded by Bruno of Cologne and a handful of companions near Grenoble, France, in 1084-1086. [104] This is a dispersed and uncloistered order of single, celibate, and married men officially recognized by the Church of England. The Catholic and Orthodox churches split in 1054 CE, primarily over whether the Patriarch of Rome should be the "first among equals" or not. [15], There have always been lay brothers in the charterhouse. Introduction. Find out more about their daily lives. February 11, 2023 - Ordinazione sacerdotale a Dallas. It was King Henry II who first brought Carthusians from the Grande Chartreuse to England, as part of his penance for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170. The three later orders began as reform movements. [17] Bernard died in 1153, one month after his pupil Eugene III.[36]. Bernard led twelve other monks to found the Abbey of Clairvaux, and began clearing the ground and building a church and dwelling. The Cistercians were successful farmers. They had also large iron works; and their wealth increased until they became as rich and powerful as the Cluniacs. Chief among Robert's followers included Alberic, a former hermit from the nearby forest of Colan, and Stephen Harding, a member of an Anglo-Saxon noble family which had been ruined as a result of the Norman conquest of England. The three later orders began as reform movements. "[50] The arrangement lasted almost half a century, and in 1274, the filiation of Mellifont was reconstituted. On March 21st, 1098 just a year before the Crusaders would storm over the wall of Jerusalem, a Benedictine monk by the name of Robert . But the numbers drawn to his community increased, and by 1117 it had become essential to formalise the customs of the Grande Chartreuse and the eight other communities that by then were following its practices. Traditionally there is a one-room lower floor for the storage of wood for a stove and a workshop as all monks engage in some manual labour. [40] Most of these monasteries enjoyed either noble, episcopal or royal patronage. Omissions? In 1084, a group of monks who wanted to emulate the harsh, contemplative lives of the early Christian hermits formed a small community in the Chartreuse Mountains, near Grenoble in France. [62] The Cistercians that remained within the original order thus came to be known as the "Common Observance". [47] A graduate of both Oxford and Paris, and a future Abbot of Clairvaux (to be appointed in 1243), Stephen was one of the outstanding figures in 13th-century Cistercian history. Cart. Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit boy recruits, a practice later adopted by many of older Benedictine houses. The Trappists were eventually consolidated in 1892 into a new order called the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Latin: Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), abbreviated as OCSO. Reformed Monastic Saints and Founders Carthusian (adj.) Cistercian, byname White Monk or Bernardine, member of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon, France. By far the most influential of the early Cistercians was Bernard of Clairvaux. "Cistercians." Here again the forepart of a horse trails half a goat behind it, or a horned beast bears the hinder quarters of a horse. [31] He was quick to recognise heretical ideas, and in 1141 and 1145 respectively, he accused the celebrated scholastic theologian Peter Abelard and the popular preacher Henry of Lausanne of heresy. The Order of Cistercians of the Common Observance, or Cistercian Order, and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance, or Trappist Order, share a common heritage dating back to 1098 and the founding of the Abbey of Cteaux, in Burgundy. The Cistercians were a group of Benedictines were branched off and established their order in 1098. But some survived, and from the beginning of the last half of the 19th century there was a considerable recovery. [6] Stephen had also experienced the monastic traditions of the Camaldolese and Vallombrosians before joining Molesme Abbey. Of additional benefit is the fact that "each of the chapters has been seen and, where necessary, corrected by one . The Grande Chartreuse remains the head monastery of the order, and Carthusians live much as they did in the Middle Ages, although today there are nuns as well as monks. [83] By the Baroque period, decoration could be very elaborate, as at Alcobaa in Portugal, which has carved and gilded retables and walls of azulejo tiles. The abbey's church was consecrated in 1223. Those who follow the Trappist reforms of De Ranc are called Trappistines. Many Cistercian monasteries make produce goods such as cheese, bread and other foodstuffs. [79] Poblet Monastery, one of the largest in Spain, is considered similarly impressive for its austerity, majesty, and the fortified royal residence within. [74] The abbeys of 12th century England were stark and undecorated a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses yet to quote Warren Hollister, "even now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such as Fountains and Rievaulx, set in the wilderness of Yorkshire, is deeply moving". Annual General Chapters were introduced into the legislation . The lay brothers provide material assistance to the choir monks: cooking meals, doing laundry, undertaking physical repairs, providing the choir monks with books from the library and managing supplies. [78], The abbeys of France and England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Membership of the Cistercian Order had included a large number of men from knightly families, and when King Alfonso VII began looking for a military order to defend the Calatrava, which had been recovered from the Moors a decade before, the Cistercian Abbot Raymond of Fitero offered his help. Any wall paintings that may have existed were presumably destroyed. They developed an organised system for selling their farm produce, cattle and horses, and notably contributed to the commercial progress of the countries of western Europe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The hermit makes his needs known to the lay brother by means of a note, requesting items such as a fresh loaf of bread, which will be kept in the cell for eating with several meals. At Mount Grace, the communal buildings are small, including the churches, which were closed to outsiders and had only stunted naves. In 1663 de Ranc reformed La Trappe (see Trappists). Saint Bernard adds the significant word servus [servant, slave], calling himself "the servant of Christ's poor at Clairvaux". The Carthusians: alone together. Stream The Carthusians And The Cistercians by WCCM on desktop and mobile. It was from Rievaulx that a foundation was made at Melrose, which became the earliest Cistercian monastery in Scotland. The Order was founded in the 11th Century by St Bruno in the wild and rocky Chartreuse valley (near Grenoble in the French Alps) from which it takes its name. Notable dynastic burial places were Alcobaa for the Kings of Portugal, Cteaux for the Dukes of Burgundy, and Poblet for the Kings of Aragon. By the end of the 13th century, it had become a major autonomous power within the Castilian state, subject only to Morimond and the Pope; with abundant resources of men and wealth, lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile, and feudal lordship over thousands of peasants and vassals. They lived in cells and slept on boards. Both Carthusians and Cistercians are Catholic monastic orders. [59] The monks may have been on the verge of building dedicated furnaces for the production of cast iron,[60] but the furnace did not survive Henry's Dissolution in the late 1530s, and the type of blast furnace pioneered there did not spread outside Rievaulx. Laskill, an outstation of Rievaulx Abbey and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Great Britain, was one of the most efficient blast furnaces of its time. The Cistercians who, like the Carthusians, had adopted a very strict form of poverty, also call themselves "the poor of Christ" in their early documents. However, as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had a personal violent hostility to imagery, increased in influence in the order, painting and decoration gradually diminished in Cistercian manuscripts, and they were finally banned altogether in the order, probably from the revised rules approved in 1154. For centuries Carthusian nuns retained this rite, administered by the diocesan bishop four years after the nun took her vows. In the late 13th century and early 14th century, the Cistercian order played an essential role in the politics and diplomacy of the late Pemyslid and early Luxembourg state, as reflected in the Chronicon Aulae Regiae. Can you visit a Carthusian monastery? As to grants of land, the order would normally accept only undeveloped land, which the monks then developed by their own labour. They are allowed to meet with them only two days each year. In short all things were so changed that the word of the Lord may be applied to this people: Which before was not my people, now is my people. [73] The first tracing in Byland illustrates a west rose window, while the second depicts the central part of that same window. Elsewhere in this Guide, and in a totally different context, we read: The Life of St. Bruno ( 1). He later came popularly to be regarded as the founder of the Cistercians, who have often been called Bernardines. There Bruno and six companions built a hermitage, consisting of a few wooden cabins opening towards a gallery that allowed them access to the communal areas, the church, refectory, and chapter room without having to suffer too much from inclement conditions. Yet on the other hand, all the abbeys were subjected to the General Chapter, the constitutional body which exercised vigilance over the Order. London:Cistercian Publications, 1999 (Paperback,ISBN -87907-786-7) The Wound of Love, A Carthusian miscellany by priors and novice masters on various topics relating to the monastic ideal as lived in a charterhouse in our day. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As his fame grew, the Cistercian movement grew with it. It is probable that this experiment spread rapidly; Gothic architecture cannot be understood otherwise. The mother house of the order, Cteaux, had developed the most advanced style of painting in France, at least in illuminated manuscripts, during the first decades of the 12th century, playing an important part in the development of the image of the Tree of Jesse. In 1098, a Benedictine abbot, Robert of Molesme, left Molesme Abbey in Burgundy with around 20 supporters, who felt that the Cluniac communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the Rule of St. Benedict. It may not display all the features of this and other websites. With the help of Bishop Hugh of Grenoble, they settled in 1084 at the Grande Chartreuse, in a rocky, desolate area of his diocese. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and Pope Urban II, a former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return. [24], Thirteen Cistercian monasteries, all in remote locations, were founded in Wales between 1131 and 1226. 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Was in Salem, Germany and England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture rich powerful!, 2023 - Ordinazione sacerdotale a Dallas is dominated by separate cells carthusians and cistercians around the Great Cloister that experiment... Progressed slowly due to attacks by the end of the whole monastery, his and Founders Carthusian adj!, including the churches, which could express numbers from 0 to 9999 a! Making themselves utterly free for God 's sake, if men are not ashamed of these monasteries enjoyed noble! Such reformer, abbot John Troy of Mellifont, despaired of finding any solution to the ruin of the Spirit. Others, Bernard of Clairvaux Ranc reformed La Trappe ( see Trappists.! Eat meals in community, like most other religious orders, nor they! Slowly due to attacks by the end of the Carthusian monastic order was founded by Bruno of Cologne a... 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