Or, must sensible properties be organized spatiotemporally? There is a village where the barber shaves (a) all those and (b) only those who do not shave themselves. Beyond this common ground, however, epistemologists are much divided. See if you can figure out why this is sometimes called a paradox, and then ask yourself what this has to do with our opening questions. Mental Health and Illness: Philosophical Considerations. Must the freedom or fulfillment of some people require the subordination of others? We will spend the balance of the semester coming to grips with Plato's arguments in the later dialogues. In this course, we will investigate dynamic communicative phenomena and discuss competing theoretical explanations about how they're interpreted. Diamond investigated the methodology of moral philosophy, paying special attention to the role of literature. We will see how a focus on language affects our understanding of many traditional philosophical questions, ranging from epistemology and metaphysics to aesthetics and ethics. In this tutorial, we'll read portions of Rawls' major works, A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism, and trace how his theory evolved in response to an array of critics, including libertarians, perfectionists, communitarians, feminist philosophers, and critical race theorists. Milan Kundera tried to answer this question by saying that a good philosophical novel does not serve philosophy but, on the contrary, tries to "get hold of a domain that () philosophy had kept for itself. Schick, Theodore and Lewis Vaughn. Do our society's laws limit our freedom in order to make us safe? [more], The Williams College Mission statement says that "free inquiry requires open-mindedness, and commitment to community draws on concern for others". Starting from scratch, students will learn the building blocks of current-day linguistic research. Edited by John . Much of the moral philosophy produced in Greece and Rome remains as relevant today as when it was written. What differentiates today from yesterday? Key ideas and concepts such as the death of god, the use and abuse of history, the eternal recurrence, will to power, and master and slave morality will be addressed. Our readings will include the relevant works of Plato, Sextus Empiricus, Carnap, Quine, Davidson, Goodman, Elgin, Hacking, Krausz, Foot, and Williams, among others. In the second part of the course, we will turn to the fundamental questions concerning the status and structure of logic. The course will present the essential ideas of relativity theory and quantum theory and explore their implications for philosophy. Some of them explicitly engage meta-philosophical debates; others exemplify particular philosophical styles and methods. The debate between Empiricism and Rationalism concerns whether all our knowledge derives from experience, or any is innate. What is the nature of audience's response to film? between law and morality? Is democratic rule always best? What if they are more fair? How should moral equality be understood, and what is its foundation? New York: McGraw Hill, 2005. pp 307-323. In this tutorial, we will focus on questions concerning their distinctive methods, namely, historical materialism, genealogical critique, and psychoanalysis. After several weeks on the Republic we will turn to Shakespeare's last play: The Tempest. While engaging these texts, we will continually reflect on their relevance for thinking about the problems facing liberal democracies today, particularly in the U.S. [more], In this tutorial we will examine a number of prominent and controversial social issues, using our study of them both as an opportunity to better understand the moral dimensions of those issues in and of themselves, and to consider the ways in which selected classical and contemporary moral theories characterize and address those moral dimensions. Wilfrid Sellars regarded as uncontroversial the view that it is "an attempt to see how things, in the broadest possible sense of the term, hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term." The aim of this course is to explore and evaluate a number of rival conceptions of persons and personal identity over time. Existentialists investigate deeply irrational phenomena of human life, including anxiety, boredom, tragedy, despair, death, faith, sexuality, love, hate, sadism, masochism, and authenticity. In confronting these difficult questions, we do not proceed purely theoretically but consider the contributions of various observation-based traditions, from Buddhist psychology and meditative practices to phenomenology to neurosciences. We will see how a focus on language affects our understanding of many traditional philosophical questions, ranging from epistemology and metaphysics to aesthetics and ethics. What are emotions, and how should we think about them? While answers to such questions are implicit in historically important accounts of morality, these issues became the topic of explicit, sustained debate in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In a. move calling on those both within and outside of Europe to challenge the coloniality of the age and to forge a new vision of politics in the postcolonial period. All three have had a profound influence on literature, social theory, and critical theories of the 20th and 21st centuries. We will also read more recent work by Foucault inspired scholars on topics such as the biopolitics of gender, the genealogy of terrorism, the informational person (how we become our data), and neoliberal subjects. The real question, then, seems to be whether, and how, free choice is possible amidst all of these influences. What role does the history of philosophy play in the discipline? How do you expect to learn? [more], Justice is a notoriously complex and elusive philosophical concept, the conditions of which are even more difficult to articulate within real world institutions and contexts than in the abstract. Our focus will be on recent influential work in this area. Throughout the course, our focus will be on the best theoretical and practical knowledge we now have to diagnose, explain, and alleviate mental illness. We will discuss major works (philosophical, literary, visual) by such figures as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Richard Wright, Ingmar Bergman and Jean-Luc Godard. We will read some representative works from each of these schools of thought to see how each approaches Socrates. Is happiness an emotional or mental state or is it a social construct? We also introduce the practice of meditation as a way to observe the mind and raise questions concerning the place of its study in the mind-sciences. We will begin with questions about how to define death, as well as reflections on its meaning and function in human life. These affect not only our particular choices but also, more fundamentally, who we are and what we value. Some of the questions that we will discuss are: What is psychopathology and what are its causes? We will move on to examine ethical issues of truth-telling with terminally ill patients and their families, decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments, the care of seriously ill newborns, physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, and posthumous interests. This course introduces philosophy students to these and related questions through a parallel reading that brings together 19th century German philosopher Hegel and a tradition of Africana philosophy running through Douglas, Du Bois, Fanon, Gilroy, Hartman and Wynter. So there is not a heap in my backyard. Attention to the writing process and developing an authorial voice will be a recurrent focus of our work inside and outside the classroom. As we proceed through the course, we will look at the way in which each thinker characterizes happiness, virtue and the relation between the two. How does film generate meaning? Why do we seek to experience through film fear and anguish that we avoid in our daily lives? If so, is that knowledge importantly different in kind or in rigor from the knowledge we gain through physics, chemistry or geology? But how should objectivity in this domain be understood? It is at the same time the most intimately known fact of our humanity and science's most elusive puzzle. [more], Epistemology is one of the core areas of philosophical reflection. When I attended the Chairmans dinner at the West Coast Eagles- Adelaide Crows AFL game a few week ago there was a pall of sadness in the room. In this tutorial we will read philosophical texts from a range of approaches in professional philosophy since the early 20th Century (Analytic, Pragmatist, Continental or European, and Public). Pascal's wager is a different approach: it argues that even though proof of the existence of God is unavailable, you will maximize your expected utility be believing. [more], The last line of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus famously reads: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." We will then turn to a variety of more recent attempts to give a clear characterization of causation. Is relativism a form of skepticism? use tab and shift-tab to navigate once expanded, Covid-19 is an ongoing concern in our region, including on campus. experiment, in which residents of a state home for mentally impaired children were intentionally infected with a virus that causes hepatitis, and the Kennedy-Krieger Lead Abatement study, which tested the efficacy of a new lead paint removal procedure by housing young children in partially decontaminated homes and testing those children for lead exposure. The course will present the essential ideas of relativity theory and quantum theory and explore their implications for philosophy. Their dispute raised some of the deepest questions in philosophy: consequentialism versus deontology, the goals of happiness versus dignity, long term versus short term goals, and more. But now we have a problem. A number of conceptual themes will emerge throughout the course of the term, including notions of exploitation and coercion, privacy and confidentiality, and the balance between public interests and individual rights. Or can meaning be allocated only to entire sets of beliefs? [more], Early philosophy of language focused on meaning of assertions, denials and descriptions. Here are a few: Williams College Catalog Phone Number 413-597-4286 [email protected] [more], Much like the construction of medical knowledge itself, it is from specific cases that general principles of biomedical ethics arise and are systematized into a theoretical framework, and it is to cases they must return, if they are to be both useful and comprehensible to those making decisions within the biomedical context. For example, many people would agree that 'Keith's favorite unicorn' is a meaningful expression. But is the best conclusion we can come to with respect to our intellectual endeavors that skepticism always carries the day and that nothing at all is true? We will read several complete dialogues in translation, and will also read a wide variety of secondary source material. Science is only "true" for some people, agnosticism is the only alternative to foolish superstition, and moral relativism and, consequently, nihilism are obvious. We will thus be led to discuss some of the concepts common to epistemology, metaphysics and ethics: reason, justification, objectivity, understanding, reality and truth. We will then examine how these notions may be exploited in the consideration of various long-standing issues in the theory of literary interpretation. They help us ask: What is freedom? We will examine several different approaches in depth, including realism, constructivism, expressivism, and skepticism. Death Date Jul 3, 2015: Birth Sign: Pisces: Phil Walsh Height, Body Info. What, if anything, justifies our scientific knowledge? The first portion of the course will address the emergence of the "Ethics of Care," critically assessing its origins in feminist theory, its development within the context of the caring professions, and its potential as a general approach to bioethical reasoning. What makes a theorem of logic true? The course will place special emphasis on developing students' intellectual skills in close, analytical reading; reconstructing and evaluating claims and reasons that support them; producing original ideas and arguments, orally and in writing; responding to the claims and arguments presented in texts and in class; and writing clear, polished, well-argued papers. Is film today really distinct from a number of new, emerging visual media? Is it moral for us to pass along these sorts of decisions to AI's? What do you expect to learn? We will continue with J. S. Mill's Utilitarianism and Kant's Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, considering these books as works in the philosophy of education. We conclude by considering the relation between first and third person studies of the mind, focusing on the concept of the embodied mind as a fruitful bridge between these different traditions. Our aim is to enrich our understanding of the discipline in order to evaluate its value and limitations. Reasoning and Inference: The Philosophy of Logic, and thinking within formal systems and how to prove various things within these systems. We will then examine how these notions may be exploited in the consideration of various long-standing issues in the theory of literary interpretation. [more], Along with jazz, pragmatism stands as the greatest uniquely American contribution to world culture. [more], Through lectures, discussions, close readings and assigned writings, we will consider a variety of philosophical questions about the nature of persons, and personal identity through time. In this course we address the question: How is the present we find ourselves living today different from the one that the author Foucault wrote about in the 1960s, 70s and early 80s before his untimely death in 1984? Now, ask yourself: who shaves the barber? ", Get immediate help for depression or anxiety. Our goal will be to characterize phenomena like those above with logical and mathematical precision. This seminar will try to establish, with as much accuracy as the subject allows, what are the central tenets of American Pragmatism, how they have shaped contemporary epistemology and the philosophy of science, and finally, to what extent are pragmatist approaches to human knowledge philosophically sound and fruitful. How should we think about the boundaries and methods of theorizing about film? We coordinate our lives through sounds from mouths, signs from hands, and squiggles on paper because somehow sounds, signs, and squiggles have meanings. In addition, we will devote several class meetings interspersed throughout the semester to reading foundational sources in ethical theory. For each argument, we will first look at historically important formulations and then turn to contemporary reformulations. While Plato and Aristotle differ on many points, they share the belief that the cosmos and the human place within it can be understood by rational means. Mill, W.E.B Dubois, John Rawls, Charles Mills, Jurgen Habermas). How do logic and language relate? . In this tutorial we'll closely examine a series of contemporary and historical cases of human experimentation (roughly, one case per week) with an eye toward elucidating the moral norms that ought to govern human subjects research. What does it mean to be "philosophical" or to think "theoretically" about politics? We will then turn to contemporary controversies such as campus free speech. WILLIAMS NEWS Covid-19 InformationCovid-19 is an ongoing concern in our region, including on campus . In this way, we develop a rich array of analytical tools and observational practices to further our understanding of the mind. Other philosophers and literary theorists have used some of their ideas recently to throw light on the nature of textual meaning and the interpretation of literary texts. Right? [more], This is a course in the philosophy of logic. Our readings will include the relevant works of Plato, Sextus Empiricus, Carnap, Quine, Davidson, Goodman, Elgin, Hacking, Krausz, Foot, and Williams, among others. This course is part of the John Hyde Teaching Fellowship. [more], Political liberalism has been both celebrated and lamented. I don't know how exactly how many grains of sand are in this heap, but let's say 100,000. The issue of prediction was also raised by economist Donald McCloskey who, in 1988, asked his fellow economists, "If you're so smart, why ain't you rich?" And what present practices and ways of thinking and knowing might be questioned using Foucault's tools, genealogy in particular, for resisting unnecessary constraints on freedom and the perpetuation of unnecessary suffering? Some critical theorists within the Frankfurt School tradition draw from upon ideas about the constitution of the subject developed in the early 19th century German philosophy of Hegel. We will begin with John Stuart Mill's powerful defense of free speech in On Liberty, but will then investigate challenges to Mill's traditional liberalism from thinkers, such as Catharine MacKinnon, who believe that such rights are never neutral. Cy Walsh was detained under mental health supervision after the Supreme Court found he was mentally incompetent when he stabbed his father to death in July 2015. More importantly, many of the thinkers that we will read in this class are simply excellent philosophers, and it is worthwhile for anyone interested in philosophical problems to read treatments of these problems by excellent philosophers. In this way, we come to appreciate the importance of considering the biology on which mental processes are based and the light that this approach throws on the nature of consciousness. We will examine these (and other questions) in the context of the great philosophical revolution at the beginning of the last century: the linguistic turn and the birth of analytic philosophy. We will read classic works (such as John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law), contemporary articles, and United States Supreme Court cases. [more], Most thoughtful human beings spend a good deal of time musing about how we ought to live and about what counts as a good life for a human being. While social justice and distributive justice are deeply intertwined in the health care context and we will discuss both, we will focus primarily on the concept of distributive justice. this course, we will consider the relationship between freedom and social order. In the second part of the course, we will read On Certainty, and selections from other of Wittgenstein's posthumously published works: Zettel, Philosophical Grammar, Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Culture and Value, Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, and The Big Typescript. First, we will trace the emergence and development of the concept of freedom in various historical traditions. They help us ask: What is freedom? Yet, other lesser known experiments are equally important landmarks in research ethics, as well, such as the Willowbrook experiment, in which residents of a state home for mentally impaired children were intentionally infected with a virus that causes hepatitis, and the Kennedy-Krieger Lead Abatement study, which tested the efficacy of a new lead paint removal procedure by housing young children in partially decontaminated homes and testing those children for lead exposure. I don't know why, she just does. We will then discuss philosophies of science which emerged out of various criticisms of this view - especially those of Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn and Feyerabend - and the challenges to the assumptions of scientific objectivity and rationality their works provoked. the Enlightenment . At Williams College a mural was removed from The Log and Herman Rosse's painting "Carnival of Life" was removed from the '62 Center. Our main goal will be to prove things about this logical system rather than to use this system to think about ordinary language arguments. However, few (haters gonna hate) would say that the expression has a referent. It is not enough for it merely to be about a character who happens to be a philosopher; nor is it just that philosophical positions are reviewed in the narrative, as in Gaarder's Sophie's World. It will be very helpful, though not absolutely necessary, for you to have some familiarity with logic and some experience in reading philosophy. In this course we will examine traditional philosophical approaches to understanding death and related concepts, with a special focus on the ethical concerns surrounding death and care for the dying. This theoretically oriented work will provide the background for subsequent examination of specific topics, which may include, among others: justice in health care financing and reform; justice in health care rationing and access to health care, with particular attention to the intersections of rationing criteria with gender, sexuality, race, disability, and age; justice in the procurement and allocation of organs for transplantation; obesity and personal responsibility for illness; and justice in medical research, including "double standards" for research conducted in low resource settings. Through an examination of these works, we will try to get some feeling for what Socrates' controversial positions and his arguments for these positions may have been. Hopkins Hall. By Greg Baum. Initial tutorial meetings will focus on theoretical materials that will background later discussions and will include classic readings from the environmental ethics literature (e.g., Leopold, Taylor, Rolston). We will then turn to Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. State police are investigating the death of a student more than three decades ago at a now-closed school for troubled teens. We will concentrate both on making precise the philosophical problem of consciousness and on understanding the role of the relevant neuroscientific and cognitive research. This tutorial aims to provide students with the skills necessary for careful, serious and thorough reading of Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Of particular interest will be how language can be used to establish, reinforce, and resist power relationships involving race and gender. Is relativism a form of skepticism? While Hegel studies tends to occur in isolation from philosophers in the Africana tradition, many of the above explicitly refer to and take up questions in Hegel. (ii) You are reading. Whether the mind can be fully understood within a scientific framework has taken on an exciting urgency. influences? Locke is the first great Empiricist Realist, and Leibniz the greatest Rationalist Idealist. What is the proper 'geography'--classification and analysis--of our emotions, and what is their relation to our somatic states, feelings, beliefs, judgments, evaluations and actions? Ms. Sydney Walsh-Wilcox '83 P'23 (Sibling) Ms. Jenny Walsh Singer '99 (Sibling) . Some understand its aim to be to answer normative questions about the nature of truth, justice, goodness and rationality. It seems like there is still a heap of sand in my backyard. How much inference goes into interpreting what's said? Some understand its aim to be to answer normative questions about the nature of truth, justice, goodness and rationality. [more], The aim of the course is to survey, analyze and discuss many varieties of relativism--semantic, epistemic, ontological and moral--from Plato's Theaetetus to contemporary social constructivism. Phil Williams / WTVF-TV: Tennessee Congressman Andy Ogles didn't want you to see his college transcript! Political parties. In pursuing the answers to these questions, we will discuss both classic and contemporary theories from philosophy and linguistics. Nietzsche texts may include selections from: Untimely Meditations, The Gay Science,Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, The Genealogy of Morals, Twilight of the Idols, and Ecce Homo. What are space and time? Some challenges we face are broad and about the future, though perhaps not the far future. To do this, we will need to become familiar with key ethical theories; think deeply about such concepts as privacy, paternalism and autonomy, exploitation, cost-benefit analysis and justice; and compare the function of these concepts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with the way they work in responses to other public health concerns. and Rationalism concerns whether all our knowledge derives from experience, or any is innate. Near the end of the semester, we'll also examine some evolutionary explanations of religious belief. Anscombe and Foot resurrected virtue ethics for Anglo-American philosophy and made moral psychology academically respectable. Thus, the concept of person plays a significant role in most branches of philosophy, e.g. Save. How can we reconcile this faith with the persistence of domination today? We will first get clear on the formal semantics of first-order logic and various ways of thinking about formal proof: natural deduction systems, semantic tableaux, axiomatic systems and sequent calculi. Further, even where there is agreement as to the proper way of answering epistemological questions, there is a stunning variety of possible answers to each question. In particular, one must grasp that "three of them" picks out a subset of the group picked out by "every cookie", and that there's no such thing as a cookie that is both chocolate chip, Minds, Brains, and Intelligent Behavior: An Introduction to Cognitive Science. of thinking, categorizing, and knowing, we can easily imagine that he might now be questioning different aspects of our contemporary "present" than the ones standardly associated with his name, namely, panopticons and surveillance, discipline, criminalization, the biopolitics of health, the normal and the abnormal, etc. You are very likely to be offended by some of the art we discuss. Assigned works will include Booker T. Washington. Consequently, many philosophers deeply influenced by pragmatism do not recognize the fact, while, on the other hand, some self-proclaimed pragmatists of our days can hardly be seen as continuing the tradition to which they pledge allegiance. [more], We often associate modern faith in the prospects of universal human dignity, rational autonomy, the rights of man, individual liberty, democracy, open scientific inquiry and social and political progress with the Enlightenment . In this course, relying on works by economists and philosophers, we examine the status of economics as an academic discipline, focusing on its assumptions, methods, and results. In this tutorial, we will investigate the nature of skepticism and the varieties of relativism it encourages. [more], Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature, one of the greatest books in the history of philosophy, still exerts a considerable influence on contemporary epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of action, ethics and moral psychology. of subjectivity, the scope of reflexivity, the nature of perceptual presence, etc. [more], What is it for a novel, a story, a play or a film to be a philosophical narrative? What is it for a sentence or a proposition to be true? We will conclude by considering some critical appropriations of Marx by 20th Century philosophers, including Georg Lukacs, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno. The stoics and skeptics both claimed a Socratic imprimatur for their own thought. Frederick Rudolph, Williams College 1793-1993: Three Eras, Three Cultures, Michael S . We will ask, for example, what these theories tell us about the nature of space, time, probability and causality. [more], In this course we will explore the ways in which feminist approaches to moral thinking have influenced both the methodology and the content of contemporary bioethics. [more], Philosophy is often described as thinking about thinking: variously conceived inquiries into the nature, scope and limits of human reasoning have always been at its heart. of the subject developed in the early 19th century German philosophy of Hegel. Is it possible to have systematic knowledge of subjective experience? Cy Jacob Walsh, 26, entered no plea after being charged with murdering his father in a killing that has stunned Australia's sporting community. Later Wittgenstein is a controversial, polarizing figure; but serious reading of his work is invariably intellectually enriching and fertile. We will also read more recent work by Foucault inspired scholars on topics such as the biopolitics of gender, the genealogy of terrorism, the informational person (how we become our data), and neoliberal subjects. Dubois, The Talented Tenth, Frederick Rudolph, Williams College 1793-1993: Three Eras, Three Cultures, Michael S. Roth, Beyond the University: Why Liberal Education Matters, Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity, William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life, Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt, The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure, and Anthony T. Kronman, The Assault on American Excellence. Always asking what practical difference would it make, our authors investigate the central questions and disputes of philosophy, from epistemology and metaphysics to ethics and religion. We will read Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau in seeking answers to these questions. Conversation is dynamic--the back and forth exchange of information is a process that grows and adapts to the surrounding context. [more], We speak as if moral judgments can be true or false, warranted or unwarranted. 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