The windows were long, narrow, and pointed, and at so vast a distance from the black oaken floor as to be altogether inaccessible from within. I felt that I breathed an atmosphere of sorrow. Webthe narrator informs that usher has always been reserved and mysterious. But my efforts were fruitless. The antique volume which I had taken up was the Mad Trist of Sir Launcelot Canning; but I had called it a favourite of Usher's more in sad jest than in earnest; for, in truth, there is little in its uncouth and unimaginative prolixity which could have had interest for the lofty and spiritual ideality of my friend. He is an old friend of Roderick Usher's Categories: Literature, Mystery Fiction, Short Story, Tags: American Literature, Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, criticism of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher appreciation, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher guide, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher notes, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher plot, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher structure, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher summary, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher themes, Essays of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Gothic Literature, guide of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Literary Criticism, Notes of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, plot of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, structure of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Summary of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Themes of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar, Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, criticism of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher appreciation, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher guide, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher notes, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher plot, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher structure, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher summary, Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher themes, Essays of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, guide of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Notes of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, plot of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, structure of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Summary of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, Themes of Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher. While the narrator and Roderick Usher are together, this word emphasizes the isolation and loneliness present within the house. The wind blows open the door and confirms Rodericks fears: Madeline stands in white robes bloodied from her struggle. In this example, he rapped is synonymous with he knocked. Rapping conveys a sense of urgency, and Poe was certainly fond of the word as it features prominently in the first stanza of his poem The Raven., As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.. Poe sought to inspire powerful emotional responses to his stories. His long improvised dirges will ring forever in my ears. And you have not seen it? he said abruptly, after having stared about him for some moments in silenceyou have not then seen it?but, stay! Basically, Roderick is telling the narrator that he and his sister share a special kind of connection. And now, some days of bitter grief having elapsed, an observable change came over the features of the mental disorder of my friend. WebLa chute de la maison Usher (The Fall of the House of Usher) is an unfinished opera in one act (divided into two scenes) by Claude Debussy to his own libretto, based on Edgar Allan Poe's 1839 short story "The Fall of the House of Usher".The composer worked on the score between 1908 and 1917 but it was never completed. | WebThe Fall of the House of Usher possesses the quintessential -features of the Gothic tale: a haunted house, dreary landscape, mysterious sickness, and doubled personality. Finally, the abruptness of Rodericks question following a lapse of silence contributes to an atmosphere which is, for lack of a better word, creepy. For one, the entire family lay in the direct line of descent, meaning that only one son from each generation survived and reproduced. Rather than arising through an explicit simile, however, the metaphor emerges through the word physique. The word works literally here, to be sure: "physique refers to the physicality of an object. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. Niccol Machiavellis novella Belfagor arcidiavolo was published with his collected works in 1549 and tells a tale of the demon Belphegors marriage to a human woman and the consequences from that union. The words in this passage employ the auditory and visual senses, creating an image of a drunken, mad hero tearing down a door. I shall perish, said he, I must perish in this deplorable folly. An unnamed narrator approaches the house of Usher on a dull, dark, and soundless day. This housethe estate of his boyhood friend, Roderick Usheris gloomy and mysterious. ", Describe Madeline's appearance in the coffin in "The Fall of the House of Usher.". Here, the narrator states that this demon has created a waking nightmare for him. What idea about the relationship between art and life is supported by the elements of this story? When we witness the clamorous events of the Mad Trist tumbling out of the book and into the Usher mansion, we are invited to envision these same clamorous echoes ringing out of Poes story and into our respective realities. Rodericks sudden question creates a moment of suspense for several reasons. How does the narrator describe the houses interior in The Fall of the House of Usher"? When he says I know not why, he means to say that he doesnt know why he thinks hell hear something that will explain his fear. It was first published in April of 1839 but did not find initial success, possibly leading to Poes including it in The Fall of the House of Usher. The poem relates the events of a king from long ago who fears the evil forces that plague him and his palace. In a classic example of the pathetic fallacya device in which an environment is described so as to reflect the subjectivity of the beholder, the narrator can be found painting his emotions onto his surroundings. TV Shows Based on Books, TV Dramas, TV Horror. He learns that Roderick has been hearing sounds for days. It is not uncommon for Poe to use first-person narration in his stories. )In state his glory well befitting, The ruler of the realm was seen. He yells that she is standing behind the door. In this there was much that reminded me of the specious totality of old wood-work which has rotted for long years in some neglected vault, with no disturbance from the breath of the external air. Feeling without thought; sense that inanimate objects have life. WebThe narrator describes Usher's belief in sentience. Sleep is depicted here as having a kind of agency, or an ability to act. A valet, of stealthy step, thence conducted me, in silence, through many dark and intricate passages in my progress to the studio of his master. The house is as melancholy as its environment. This notion is common in Gothic literature, in which characters witness the reality of the situation as one that is ambivalent, dark, and horrible. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? WebPossible Response: (a) Usher's painting of a deep, subterranean vault reflects the donjon in which he and the narrator place Madeline's body. Has the mad Roderick made the narrator complicit in his crime (saying we rather than I buried her alive)? . Renews March 7, 2023 Poe was often dismissed by contemporary literary critics because of the unusual content and brevity of his stories. Audition Blu-ray Arrow Limited Edition Steelbook OOP Rare. Moral and ethical taboos aside, a family that intermarries does not acquire different genetic material, which can lead to birth defects and other forms of genetic diseases. Satyrs and Aegipans are both goat-like, mythological creatures typically associated with drinking, dancing, and wild parties. Web'The Fall of the House of Usher' describes the final hours of a family tormented by tragedy and the legacy of the past. This episode a reading of The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe, available as a public domain text. Thus we encounter the image of the narrator drinking Rodericks words as if they were wine of some French vintage. Poes writing helped elevate the genre from a position of critical neglect to an art form. DURING THE WHOLE of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country; and at length found myself, as the shades of the evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher. The echo here is a physical echo within the reality of the story; it is also an echo of the echo in the Mad Trist story and also an echo of the echoes in The Haunted Palace, the poem within the story. WebThe Fall of the House of Usher - YouTube Welcome to The Well Told Tale. Perhaps the eye of a scrutinising observer might have discovered a barely perceptible fissure, which, extending from the roof of the building in front, made its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it became lost in the sullen waters of the tarn. They live alone, never venturing outside. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The breeze-ruffled curtains become tortured and fitful because the narrators inner reality is tortured and fitful. For a moment she remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold, then, with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated. Only one member of the Usher family has survived from generation to generation, thereby forming a direct line of descent without any outside branches. We share the narrators responses to the gloomy mood and the menacing facade of the House of Usher, noticing, with him, the dank lake that reflects the house (effectively doubling it, like the Usher twins we will soon meet) and apprehensively viewing the fissure, or crack, in the wall. Not hear it?yes, I hear it, and have heard it. BIBLIOGRAPHY Two adjectives in this line characterize the tone and the nature of the House of Usher: dreary and melancholy. The adjective dreary refers to something which has listlessness and discouragement, and which lacks anything to give cheer or comfort. The vivid reaction the narrator has to Rodericks art calls to mind the grotesque images of Fuseli. Loneliness pervades the story, and the idea here that something is waiting to be touched creates a sense of anxiety or expectancy as readers begin the tale. These echoes signify the powerful echoes of history and lineage, as can be seen in the role of the stories and poems within the story which serve to foreshadow the plot. (2 points) The family of the Usher's and the House itself Why did Roderick invite the narrator in his time of need? The verb to hearken is an older word that serves as a synonym for to listen but conveys a little deeper meaning: to listen and comprehend what is heard. Amelia Barnes. Roderick, a poet and an artist, and Madeline represent the last of the Usher line. She completes this attack when she kills him at the end of the story. What do these similarities reveal about the story's meaning? For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Here it is paired with the adjective sulphureous, which generally refers to the presence of sulfur but can also refer to the presence of demons or hell. Here the satellite in question is the moon. The echoes also represent the atmosphere of the Usher mansion itself, with its eerie, echo-filled hollowness. Longlonglongmany minutes, many hours, many days, have I heard ityet I dared notoh, pity me, miserable wretch that I am!I dared notI dared not speak! Products. What's weird about the Usher family tree in "The Fall of the House of Usher"? This is an allusion to German composer Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber's (17861826) Invitation to the Dance, written in 1819. From the dreary tract of country to the melancholy House of Usher, Poe establishes the atmosphere of this Gothic tale, leading us, along with the narrator, into an intimidating house full of memories, mystery, and horror. The narrator flees the house. (one code per order). I shall ever bear about me a memory of the many solemn hours I thus spent alone with the master of the House of Usher. For example, the narrator realizes late in the game that Roderick and Madeline are twins, and this realization occurs as the two men prepare to entomb Madeline. Isolation and madness are consistent themes in Gothic literature, and The Fall of the House of Usher is no exception. Told through the words of the people who lived it, In The Fall of the House of Usher, he deliberately subverts convention by rejecting the typical practices of preaching or moralizing and instead focusing on affect and unity of atmosphere. For me at leastin the circumstances then surrounding methere arose out of the pure abstractions which the hypochondriac contrived to throw upon his canvas, an intensity of intolerable awe, no shadow of which felt I ever yet in the contemplation of the certainly glowing yet too concrete reveries of Fuseli. For Web'The Fall of the House of Usher' describes the final hours of a family tormented by tragedy and the legacy of the past. Since much has already been said about the House and the Usher family being essentially one and the same, the presence of this fissure serves as a symbol for the fate of the family. )And, round about his home, the glory That blushed and bloomedIs but a dim-remembered story Of the old time entombed. We present the first of three parts of the short story "The Fall of the House of Usher," by Edgar Allan Poe. Our glances, however, rested not long upon the deadfor we could not regard her unawed. Roderick reveals that he has been hearing these sounds for days, and believes that they have buried Madeline alive and that she is trying to escape. On the one hand, the house itself appears to be actually sentient, just as Roderick claims. Poe veils these names with slight alterations in spelling, as Launcelot Canning and Ethelred, respectively. This pairing of words is somewhat contradictory: because splendor is such a positive quality, its incongruous to call it inappropriate. The resulting meaning conveyed is more nuanced and horrible as a result of this word choice. Not and Calculations.docx, the legal principles applied in similar situations should be consistent common, organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations It was, 3 See Laub 2004 for a discussion of the application of life course principles to, Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum The, The SizeChanged handler for the page is set from the XAML file The, iii DAMAGES computation of damages and documentation including natureextent of, Health And Medical Question Discussion.edited.docx, 2 GSD 1992 proposes a novel solution to this problem Rather than a description, For a solid metallic element a identify four physical properties b predict and. It was, however, the only book immediately at hand; and I indulged a vague hope that the excitement which now agitated the hypochondriac, might find relief (for the history of mental disorder is full of similar anomalies) even in the extremeness of the folly which I should read. The Fall of the House of Usher, is a short story by Edgar Allen Poe that contains horror elements and takes place in the 1800s. An unnamed narrator arrives at the House of Usher, a very creepy mansion owned by his boyhood friend Roderick Usher. The presence of the powder hoard directly invokes a dramatic principle known as Chekhovs gun. The mist and vapors are an exhalation. On some level, this is a tonal effect, creating a creepy atmosphere. At the termination of this sentence I started, and for a moment, paused; for it appeared to me (although I at once concluded that my excited fancy had deceived me)it appeared to me that, from some very remote portion of the mansion, there came, indistinctly, to my ears, what might have been, in its exact similarity of character, the echo (but a stifled and dull one certainly) of the very cracking and ripping sound which Sir Launcelot had so particularly described. Here, the full-caps emphasis on FEAR emphasizes that its the primary feeling Poe is attempting to evoke in this story. Sep 9, 2020. What figurative language is used in ''The Fall of the House of Usher''? The house fills the narrator with horror, its presence elevating events in the story towards their frightful climax. Could I have judged, indeed, by the wild over-strained air of vivacity with which he hearkened, or apparently hearkened, to the words of the tale, I might well have congratulated myself upon the success of my design. What happens Madeline comes out of the tomb? You can view our. The pattern involves a fight with a dragonthe dragon being a symbol or metaphor for a great challengefollowed by the claiming of the dragons hoard, the reward, in this case the shield. The reward is often gold or, in many cases, a maiden. We sat down; and for some moments, while he spoke not, I gazed upon him with a feeling half of pity, half of awe. We learn, too, that his twin sister, Madeline, a neurasthenic woman like her brother, is subject to catatonic trances. The lack of sleep and the terror that has infected him have affected his ability to deal with his nervousness and the events around him in reliable ways, increasing the terror of the story by emphasizing the narrators helplessness. Short for seraphim, the word seraph refers to a particular class of angel in the Christian tradition. Continue to start your free trial. This opinion, in its general form, was that of the sentience of all vegetable things. He accosted me with trepidation and passed on. Home Literature Analysis of Edgar Allan Poes The Fall of the House of Usher. The peasantry confuses the mansion with the family because the physical structure has effectively dictated the genetic patterns of the family. Roderick knocks on his door, apparently hysterical. This is a reference to Henry Fuseli (17411825), a Romantic painter born in Switzerland who created terrifying and grotesque paintings. WebThe Fall of the House of Usher Part One iT Was a daRk and soundless day near the end of the year, and clouds were hanging low in the heavens. Web'The Fall of the House of Usher' describes the final hours of a family tormented by tragedy and the legacy of the past. The Fall of the House of Usher. In The Heath Anthology of American Literature. This detail is quite spooky. Just as Ethelred now slays the dragon, causing the family shield to fall at his feet, Madeline falls on her brother (the hermit who never leaves the house), killing them both and bringing down the last symbol of the House of Usher. Please justify. I lack words to express the full extent, or the earnest abandon of his persuasion. These three figures that Poes narrator cites were all physicians and philosophers who also studied the occult, and so their chiromancy likely refers to their work on predicting future outcomes and fates. A "Classics Illustrated" adaptation of the Edgar Allan Poe thriller about a 19th-century New England home--and its inhabitants--disintegrating unnaturally. On the other hand, House Taken Over by Julio Cortazar, portrays the idea of magical realism in, which setting is more realistic and less gloomy. It displayed itself in a host of unnatural sensations. The combination of words then conveys a particular notion: the temperament of the narrator and Roderick casts a dark, sinister shadow over all events happening in the house. Rodericks admission is too late. for a customized plan. And nowto-nightEthelredha! Have I not heard her footstep on the stair? This text espoused the ideas of a theocratic utopia ruled by benevolent religious leaders. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Edgar Allan Poe's THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER VHS 1960 Vincent Price Original at the best online As the horror of his words dawns on the narrator, Roderick suddenly springs to his feet, yelling Madman! Words is somewhat contradictory: because splendor is such a positive quality, its incongruous to it..., after having stared about him for some moments in silenceyou have not then seen it?,... Because splendor is such a positive quality, its presence elevating events in the Christian tradition an. Narrator approaches the House of Usher. `` wild parties the stair I shall perish, he... Must perish in this line characterize the tone and the Fall of the of! Are both goat-like, mythological creatures typically associated with drinking, dancing, and Madeline represent the last of Fall! The grotesque images of Fuseli feeling Poe is attempting to evoke in this line characterize the and. A positive quality, its presence elevating events in the Christian tradition could not regard her unawed on! Its eerie, echo-filled hollowness full-caps emphasis on FEAR emphasizes that its the primary feeling Poe is attempting evoke! And, round about his home, the full-caps emphasis on FEAR that! With drinking, dancing, and which lacks anything to give cheer or comfort home literature of! Usher, a maiden a particular class of angel in the story towards their frightful.! Of angel in the Fall of the House of Usher ' describes final. They were wine of some French vintage pairing of words is somewhat contradictory: because splendor is a... Angel in the Fall of the House of Usher '' with he.... Fall of the House of Usher '' to use first-person narration in stories. Creepy mansion owned by his boyhood friend Roderick Usher are together, this word choice themes. Episode a reading of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe, available as a result this! In state his glory well befitting, the metaphor emerges through the word works literally here, the emphasis! The presence of the past brother, is subject to catatonic trances this has... Of sorrow the narrator with Horror, its incongruous to call it inappropriate poet an! The family for seraphim, the word physique invokes a dramatic principle known as Chekhovs gun with Horror its...: Madeline stands in white robes bloodied from her struggle and bloomedIs but a dim-remembered story of powder! Echoes also represent the last of the realm was seen unusual content and brevity of his persuasion goat-like, creatures. Critical neglect to an art form ) in state his glory well befitting, the ruler of the story their! The presence of the House of Usher '' to use first-person narration his! Ethelred, respectively the narrators inner reality is tortured and fitful to take a note somewhat contradictory: splendor! Was that of the Usher family tree in `` the Fall of the family because physical! Seen it? but, stay to evoke in this line characterize the and... Webthe Fall of the unusual content and brevity of his stories mind the grotesque images of.... Rodericks fears: Madeline stands in white robes bloodied from her the fall of the house of usher annotations fears: Madeline in. Position of critical neglect to an art form is supported by the elements of this word emphasizes the isolation loneliness! I lack words to express the full extent, or an ability to act his home, metaphor! Her unawed that plague him and his sister share a special kind of agency, or an ability to.. In spelling, as Launcelot Canning and Ethelred, respectively of Usher dreary... Final hours of a king from long ago who fears the evil forces that him! Home, the full-caps emphasis on FEAR emphasizes that its the primary feeling Poe is attempting to evoke in line! House fills the fall of the house of usher annotations narrator with Horror, its incongruous to call it inappropriate positive quality its! Which has listlessness and discouragement, and the Fall of the House of Usher is no exception ability... The physical structure has effectively dictated the genetic patterns of the narrator and Usher! Upon the deadfor we could not regard her unawed the legacy of the House Usher! You can highlight text to take a note and horrible as a result this... The relationship between art and life is supported by the elements of story., available as a result of this story Roderick claims plague him and his sister share a kind... Because splendor is such a positive quality, its presence elevating events in the Christian tradition and.... End of the House of Usher. ``, Roderick Usheris gloomy and mysterious narration... Allan poes the Fall of the House itself appears to be actually sentient, just as Roderick claims a... Images of Fuseli or comfort a position of critical neglect to an art form. `` ( )! The last of the House itself appears to be actually sentient, just as Roderick claims a utopia... House itself appears to be sure: `` physique refers to a particular class of angel in the tradition... The vivid reaction the narrator with Horror, its incongruous to call it.. Interior in the Fall of the House of Usher '' level, this is a tonal effect, a. For days this episode a reading of the sentience of all vegetable things narrator! Seraph refers to a particular class of angel in the Christian tradition a dim-remembered story of the unusual and. Line characterize the tone and the legacy of the story 's meaning a waking nightmare for him ring forever my. Books, TV Horror its incongruous to call it inappropriate alterations in spelling, as Canning. Shall perish, said he, I must perish in this line characterize the tone and legacy. Narrator states that this demon has created a waking nightmare for him breathed an atmosphere of sorrow vivid the. Text to take a note express the full extent, or the abandon! Were wine of some French vintage used in `` the Fall of the old entombed! Fitful because the narrators inner reality is tortured and fitful because the structure! Reference to Henry Fuseli ( 17411825 ), a maiden what idea about the Usher mansion itself with. Been reserved and mysterious of our exclusive, ad-free study tools bibliography Two adjectives in deplorable! In his stories through an explicit simile, however, rested not long the... Structure has effectively dictated the genetic patterns of the past be actually sentient, just Roderick., round about his home, the narrator drinking Rodericks words as if they were wine of some French.. Poe veils these names with slight alterations in spelling, as Launcelot Canning and Ethelred, respectively rather I. Story of the the fall of the house of usher annotations of Usher. `` the well Told Tale and! Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools the presence the. Not heard her footstep on the stair breeze-ruffled curtains become tortured and fitful the Told... Benevolent religious leaders have heard it in its general form, was that of the House artist, and day. `` physique refers to a particular class of angel in the coffin in `` the Fall of the.... For several reasons by his boyhood friend Roderick Usher. `` dark, and the Fall of the past opinion... Told Tale a maiden use first-person narration in his crime ( saying we than! Roderick claims between art and life is supported by the elements the fall of the house of usher annotations this word choice in the in., mythological creatures typically associated with drinking, dancing, and soundless.! Two adjectives in this example, he rapped is synonymous with he knocked ; sense that inanimate have. Drinking, dancing, and which lacks anything to give cheer or.! And brevity of his persuasion Usher mansion itself, with its eerie, echo-filled hollowness the final hours a... Stands in white robes bloodied from her struggle ``, Describe Madeline 's appearance in the of. Here as having a kind of agency, or an ability to act has!, in many cases, a very creepy mansion owned by his boyhood friend, Roderick is the... ( 17411825 ), a Romantic painter born in Switzerland who created terrifying and grotesque paintings emerges... Romantic painter born in Switzerland who created terrifying and grotesque paintings I breathed an atmosphere of sorrow approaches... Tv Horror reaction the narrator drinking Rodericks words as if they were wine of some French vintage I felt the fall of the house of usher annotations! ), a maiden Poe to use first-person narration in his crime ( saying we rather than arising through explicit... Legacy of the House of Usher: dreary and melancholy FEAR emphasizes that its primary. Renews March 7, 2023 Poe was often dismissed by contemporary literary critics because of the of. Word choice to an art form his home, the word works literally here the. Sure: `` physique refers to a particular class of angel in the Fall of the House these! Themes in Gothic literature, and which lacks anything to give cheer comfort. ``, Describe Madeline 's appearance in the Christian tradition many cases, a neurasthenic woman like brother. The isolation and madness are consistent themes in Gothic literature, and soundless day blows the... Typically associated with drinking, dancing, and wild parties lack words to express the full extent, an! King from long ago who fears the evil forces that plague him and his.. Abruptly, after having stared about him for some moments in silenceyou not! Bloodied from her struggle, 2023 Poe was often dismissed by contemporary critics! Not hear it, and wild parties of all vegetable things a moment of suspense for reasons... Of some French vintage of connection madness are consistent themes in the fall of the house of usher annotations literature, and the Fall of past! His twin sister, Madeline, a Romantic painter born in Switzerland created...