It resulted largely from the Moroccan government's claim to portions of Algeria's Tindouf and Bchar provinces. Saudi Arabia. The incident is just the latest in a months-long dispute between the two North African nations, but this ever-escalating feud could quickly turn into something much . It can also tip over into an all-out conflict if Algeria allows and supports the Polisario Front in going beyond today's military commitments. [5], On October 5, representatives from Morocco and Algeria convened at Oujda to negotiate, but they were unable to deliver a solution. Morocco's and Algeria's top military and secret service leaders have risen through the ranks and often led brilliant and sometimes action-packed careers. Get full access to The Africa Report on all your devices. Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral . Tensions remain high between Algeria and Morocco over their opposing stances on the status of Western Sahara. [23], Weeks of skirmishes along the border eventually escalated into a full-blown confrontation on September 25, 1963, with intense fighting around the oasis towns of Tindouf and Figuig. Only England and Wales jurisdiction apply in all legal matters. A presidential statement confirms that Tebboune had given the order to not renew the contract "in light of the hostile behavior of the (Moroccan) kingdom which undermines national unity.". Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco cannot afford to feed their own populations without importing food and heavily subsidizing it. Despite this, it was recognized by the Comintern in 1935. The First Moroccan Crisis. [28] They also suspected that Washington was hoping the war would precipitate Ben Bella's downfall, which Castro was determined to prevent. Vladimir Odintsov, political observer, exclusively for the online magazine New Eastern Outlook. In the case of UNFP, its leader, Mehdi Ben Barka, sided with Algeria, and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result. Complete the form and download, for free, the highlights from The Africa Reports Exclusive Ranking of Africas top 200 banks from last year. The Sand War or the Sands War (Arabic: , romanized:arb ar-Riml) was a border conflict between Algeria and Morocco in October 1963. She believes that neither side can really afford to push the envelope too far. The rebel National Liberation Front (FLN) heavily contributed to the barbarism of the war, for they often targeted and killed those who disagreed with them, regardless of their civilian status, as they sought to secure Algerian independence. Algerian Foreign Minister . In Algeria, the armed rebellion of the FFS in Kabylie fizzled out, as commanders defected to join the national forces against Morocco. [5] Morocco's Western allies provided assistance, after Morocco's formal requests for military aid. I personally think that these kind of questions are simply pointless. ", This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:34. Network edition New Eastern Outlook 2010-2023 Republishing of the articles is welcomed with reference to NEO. [40] However, a Malian officer arrived on November 4 and enforced the Bamako Accord, ending the hostilities. [34] Algeria and Cuba planned a major counteroffensive, Operation Dignidad, aimed at driving the Moroccan forces back across the border and capturing Berguent. (Handout photo from the U.S. navy . Russia has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate in Annaba, and Algeria has an embassy in Moscow. Even the name "Algeria" was only given by Continue Reading 207 68 Sponsored by Forbes Advisor What are the best home insurance rates of 2023? The views of the authors do not necessarily coincide with the opinion of the editorial board. "Algeria, The Maghreb Union, and the Western Sahara Stalemate. Tebboune accused Morocco of perpetrating hostile acts. [39], The ceasefire was almost jeopardized on November 1, when Algerian troops assaulted a village near Figuig and positioned themselves against the town's airport. Forget about the speeches of December 2019, when the Moroccan monarch appealed to the newly elected president of Algeria, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, urging him to open a new chapter in the relations between the two neighbouring countries, based on mutual trust and constructive dialogue, and of August 2021, when Mohammed VI urged his excellency the Algerian president to work in unison for the development of fraternal relations. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Saad Lamjarred trial: Moroccan singer sentenced to six years in prison, Saad Lamjarred trial: Prosecution requests seven-year sentence in sexual assault case, Morocco's economy risks heavy price with neutrality in Ukraine war, Court annuls EU deals with Morocco over disputed Western Sahara. [28] For these reasons, the Cuban government formed the Grupo Especial de Instruccin to be sent to Algeria. It was also notable for ushering in the first multinational peacekeeping mission carried out by the Organisation of African Unity. And it does not help that Algiers embarked on an anything but brotherly arms race some 15 years ago that spurred Rabat to do the same, with Algeria buying up Russian-made military gear and Morocco turning to Western weapons suppliers. Its leadership views negatively any attempts by other countries to interfere in Algerian politics. "Algeria has obviously said it can replace the supplies to Spain through the Medgaz pipeline. With the breakdown of the status quo, the nearly 50-year-old antagonism between the countries is now playing out on the military front. [29], Despite internal discontent with the Algerian government, most of the country supported the war effort, which Algerians generally perceived as an act of Moroccan aggression. [4] Although they were initially described as an advisory contingent to train the Algerian army, Fidel Castro also authorized their deployment in combat actions to safeguard Algeria's territorial integrity. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco have never been as tense in 45 years. . The war's implications for Putin's army, economy, society, and regime are many, and the costs will linger for years, if not decades, argues Stanford University's Michael McFaul. [7] Moroccan losses were probably lower than the Algerians' but are unconfirmed,[6] with later sources reporting 200 Moroccan dead. In late December, Amar Belani, the PDRAs special envoy for Western Sahara and the Maghreb, criticized in an interview with the Algrie Presse Service (APS) the inclusion of Western Sahara in the full map of Morocco and Rabats attempts to represent Western Sahara as its territory in this way at official events. In this paper, I argue that the Algeria-Morocco diplomatic crisis is a modern-day "Sand War," taking escalation from the previous internal conflict of the '60s and modernizing the mechanisms and problem at hand that have continuously stirred conflict in the Northern Africa region. On the diplomatic stage, Algerian Foreign Minister Ramtane Lamamra and his Moroccan counterpart, Nasser Bourita, exchanged sharp words over Western Sahara at the UN general assembly on Monday. Moroccos rapprochement with Israel, following the resumption of their diplomatic relations as part of a deal struck with the active participation of the US in December 2020, is highly criticized in Algeria. Faroukdistinguished himself when commanding "African Lion 21",joint Moroccan-US exercises hosted by Morocco in June. It doesn't have the capability to handle both at the same time," Gower said. Although the conflict is by no means resolved, U.S. recognition is a major win for Morocco and therefore . Next, Algerias High Security Council announced that it was closing its airspace to all Moroccan civilian and military aircraft as well as those with Moroccan registration numbers. While the Algerian army is based on the Soviet-Russian model, the Moroccan army is more like a copy of the US army. The Algerian National Peoples Army also uses several thousand German Fuchs armored vehicles. Algeria's hostility toward Morocco since its independence in 1962 is considered a real enigma by many foreign observers. The crew of guided-missile destroyer USS Russell, pictured in December 2020: U.S. ships are manned by far more experienced personnel. Algeria would eventually win unless Morocco comes up with a solid plan. On March 31, 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany arrives in Tangiers to declare his support for the sultan of Morocco, provoking the anger of France and Britain in what will . [22] However, one of the FLN's primary objectives was to prevent France from splitting the strategic Sahara regions from a future Algerian state. Electric shocks and the use of water wells as prisons were among the methods used by the colonialist authorities against prisoners in Algeria. Bangladesh. "Morocco is right to be worried", said the U.S. columnist, stressing that drones may not enable its users to win a war but they can inflict severe damage on various targets, from tourist centers to military installations to vital power grids and power stations. The organisation of a free and fair referendum to allow the Sahrawi people to determine its destiny and decide its political future cannot remain forever hostage to the intransigence of an occupying state that has repeatedly failed to meet its international obligations, the Algerian minister said. Tensions have flared over the past few months between Morocco and its regional rival Algeria over the former Spanish colony which Rabat sees as its own sovereign territory.. Algiers backs the . Zunes, Stephen (1995). While Algeria has promised to meet Spain's demand by using the smaller undersea Medgaz-pipeline instead as it doesn't run through Morocco the decision has sparked fear of gas shortages and soaring energy prices in Spain and other European countries. Morocco and Algeria fought a short border war after the latter's independence from France in the fall of 1963, and Algeria has long supported the Polisario Front in its struggle against Morocco for control of the Western Sahara. Algeria also provided arms and training for Palestinian militants. Algeria, meanwhile, achieved liberation in 1962 after a long and bloody civil war. Algeria has openly backed the Polisario Front separatist movement, which defends the right of theSahrawi people to self-determination. The landing forces were under the overall command of Major-General Charles W. Ryder, commanding general of the U.S. 34th Infantry Division. Algeria is a strategically located country with which the United States engages on diplomatic, law enforcement, economic, and security matters. We are now talking about war between the two Maghreb countries. In recent years, the number of . "At the moment there are still many question marks over the origins of the attack; some early research suggests that the location where it took place is considered Moroccan by Rabat but under the control of the Polisario by Algiers," Alice Gower, director of geopolitics and security at the London-based political adviser Azure Strategy, told DW by phone. First of all, because Algeria refuses to take such a step until a Palestinian state is established with East Jerusalem as its capital, despite the fact that some Arab states have already softened their stance on the issue. The main challenge today, therefore, is to reduce diplomatic tensions between Morocco and Algeria, including with the involvement of many external actors, to avoid increasing tensions between these North African states and to prevent provocative actions favoring one of the parties, which the Trump administration previously actively sought to exploit in its geostrategic interests. 192. The EU and the Nato have proved crucial in bringing together their member states around a coordinated response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The regime of Mohammed VI seems convinced it is sufficiently "covered" by two world powers - the US and Israel - to attempt to stand up to the Algerian generals supporting the Polisario movement. Introduction: My name is Dong Thiel, I am a brainy, happy, tasty, lively, splendid, talented, cooperative person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. According to Franois Lafargue, Algeria plays a subtle game between Washington, Paris, Moscow and Beijing. But memories of the Sand War border conflict of 1963 between Algeria and Morocco have yet to fade. Earlier this week, Algeria and Italy signed a number of memorandums of understanding during a two-day . This view is echoed by Sonja Hegasy who is convinced that "both countries don't have any interest in waging a war on this conflict, so the most realistic scenario is that the bilateral relations are going to continue to stagnate.". More important is though, that the "Moroccan King Mohammed VI. Just a few days later, Algeria formally broke diplomatic relations with the Makhzen. During its last years of being part of France, Algeria was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community. In line with its idea of sovereignty, Algeria views the conflicts taking place in these countries as their internal affairs, which external players should not interfere in. Moreover, very recently The Jerusalem Post published an article saying that tensions between Algeria and Morocco are increasing by day. Who will be the winner, Morocco or Portugal? French colonial rule over Algeria spanned 132 years, beginning in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers and lasting until the Algerian War of Independence which concluded in 1962. Not a week goes by without a new report of an attack on Moroccos defensive wall. [5] The United States feared the escalation and internationalization of the war, particularly wanting to avoid Soviet intervention, and therefore advocated for the peaceful resolution of the conflict. The main culprit? Next, the monarch stepped up the modernisation of the kingdoms armed forces, in response in particular to the Arab Spring uprisings that saw the toppling of several of the regions authoritarian regimes. The West Papua independence movement is making itself heard, The US wants to Impose a New Economic Paradigm on the World. The Moroccan kingdoms proactive approach to diplomacy within African institutions has led, in a little over a year, several African countries to open consulates in Western Sahara. The governments of both Morocco and Algeria used the war to describe opposition movements as unpatriotic. This agreement wasmuch to Algeria's dismay as it has been a firm supporter of the local Polisario Front with the Sahrawi group that seeks independence for the region. Nor is it particularly helpful that the careers of Moroccan and Algerian security officials, some of whom were recently appointed, are built around the Sahrawi question and thus a sense of antagonism towards the opposing side. The decision was "completely unjustified", Rabat said. Despite ambiguous sentiment in Algeria concerning its former colonial power, France has maintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations. [11][42] In January 1969, Algerian President Houari Boumediene made a state visit to Morocco and signed a treaty of friendship with Hassan's government at Ifrane. Analysts however doubt that an escalation is imminent. [11] In the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia (March 18, 1845), which set the border between French Algeria and Morocco, it is stipulated that "a territory without water is uninhabitable and its boundaries are superfluous"[12] and the border is delineated over only 165km. What time is Morocco vs Algeria match for Arab Cup? Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral resources in the disputed area, and the Moroccan irredentism fueled by the Greater Morocco[9] ideology of the Istiqlal Party and Allal al-Fassi.[10]. On 8 November 1942, the invasion commenced with landings on three beachestwo west of Algiers and one east. October 1963: Algeria and Morocco confronted each other militarily over a border dispute in the so-called Sand War in October 1963 following Algeria's independence on July 5, 1962. One of the main reasons for potential tensions between the two countries is also related to France's incapability to reconcile the fact that the country had to withdraw from Algeria in the face of fierce resistance against the former colonial state, according to Atoui. Algeria's fate is tied to the Ukraine crisis. Reco [38] The United Nations received many pleas to issue a ceasefire appeal, but Secretary-General U Thant wanted to allow regional initiatives to pursue a solution. Morocco meanwhile claims sovereignty over Western Sahara and sees its extended autonomy proposal as a solution to the conflict. P 22.01.2022 Compounding the new Algerian attitude towards Morocco's Western Sahara stance was the outcome of the 1963 Sand War between the two neighbors. In Antiquity Algeria was known as the NUMIDIA KINGDOM and its people were called NUMIDIANS and IMAZIGHEN which means Free men . Germany: How does its Kazakh oil deal benefit Russia? The killing of thethree drivers on a desert road is the latest peak in a series ofgrowing tensionsbetween the two Maghreb states that support opposite sides of the dispute over the Western Sahara territory, a former Spanish colony. November 2020 unleashed pandora's box following the military intervention in Guerguerat and Washington's recognition of Rabat's sovereignty over Western Sahara. And the combination of historical traditions, ideology and large gas resources allows the PRDA to successfully withstand any external pressure, including from the US, Western Europe and the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG). Who would win in a conventional war between Algeria, Morocco, Egypt vs Angola, Zambia, Rwanda? Simply use the dropdowns below to select your global powers. By Jihd Gillon In Algiers, Moroccos latest moves have been a clear source of tension at a time when Algerias once highly influential diplomatic corps is starting to pick up the pieces after 20 years of stagnation under former president Abdelaziz Bouteflikas regime. [22] The French government refused. The Moroccan regime seems determined to respond to Algerias acts of diplomatic hostility with military action, as Mohammed VIs recent appointment of Lieutenant General Belkhir el-Farouks as inspector general of the FAR goes to show. The Africa Report takes an in-depth look at the forces involved. The United States designated Morocco a Major Non-NATO Ally in 2004, and the U.S. and Moroccan militaries hold joint exercises and training. . Zine Labidine Ghebouli, a political analyst based in Algiers, agrees. [38] On October 29, Hassan and Ben Bella met to negotiate in Bamako, Mali, joined by Emperor Selassie and Mali's President Modibo Keta. I do not know how this soothes you. [4] The unit was made up of 686 men under the command of Efigenio Ameijeiras. In terms of military advantage, Algerias troops are generally considered to be more combat-ready, primarily because of their almost constant warfare against groups of radical Islamists based in the desert areas of the country, with all their personnel regularly taking part in anti-terrorist operations. [28] Ironically, at least four AMX-13s had also been donated by Morocco a year earlier. French colonial rule in Algeria lasted 132 years, beginning in 1830 with the invasion of the capital, Algiers, and continuing until the war for independence, which concluded with the signing of the Evian Accords in March 1962. The 10% cut of energy supply is a setback for Morocco as well, since the country has to import about 95% of its energy. France also actively recalls how de Gaulle gave Algeria independence, with Paris openly seeking to prevent further rapprochement between Algeria and Moscow, publishing in particular in its media headlines that it is Macrons nightmare to find Russians in Algeria. India. Since its independence, Algeria has been a member of the Arab League, the African Union and of the United Nations. Like Brezhnev did in Afghanistan, Putin overreached . It was therefore disinclined to support Morocco's historical claims to Tindouf and Bechar or the concept of a Greater Morocco. [26], The Algerian forces began to retaliate against the Moroccan advances, taking back the ports of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub on October 8. Rabat will not back down if Algiers continues on the warpath, A soldier taking part in African Lion 21, the largest annual US joint military exercise organised by the US Africa Command and the Royal Morocco Armed Forces, June 2021 (Africom), Morocco's king and Algeria's generals: The standoff continues, Algeria-Morocco: Heightened tensions as Rabat receives new combat drones from Turkey. Besides, the Mediterranean Sea is a global strategic point, and in the event of hostilities between these countries, thousands of Moroccans and Algerians scattered across Europe, and many European countries along with them, would be drawn into the conflict. This is especially true in the run-up to the appointment of the new UN special envoy for Western Sahara, the Italian-Swedish diplomat Staffan de Mistura, with current negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front at a standstill, and the voices that preach appeasement and conciliation being consistently ignored. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front, which fought French colonial rule during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962).The People's National Army include the Algerian Land Forces, the Algerian Air Force, the Navy (the Marine de la Rpublique Algrienne), and the Algerian Air Defence Force. About Algeria Army Arabic : (: : : ) . In Algeria, the army is the key state institution which much of the countrys well-being is based around; historically, the first leaders of an independent PDRA were military commanders of the National Liberation Front, set up to liberate the country from French colonial forces. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has again condemned Russia over its invasion of Ukraine, calling for Moscow's immediate withdrawal and an end to the fighting. Opinion Algeria Morocco China Chinese Communist Party. 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