Phonetic transcription software refers to computer programs that are able to translate a sample of text using a phonetic alphabet. One aim of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was to provide a unique symbol for each distinctive sound in a languagethat is, every sound, or phoneme, that serves to distinguish one word from another. This makes many of their words unclear. As you know, there are no strict pronunciation rules in the English language, so when you see an unknown English word, you cannot be 100% sure how to pronounce it. Moreover, the same English word can be pronounced in different ways by native English speakers from different countries, or even from the same country! /i:/heat /hi:t/ peak /pi:k/ piece /pi:s/ leak /li:k/, /a:/ start /sta:t/ dark /da:k/glass /gla:s/ laugh /la:f/, /u:/suit /su:t/ threw/ru/juice/dus/ room/rum/, /:/caught /k:t/ pork/p:k/ horse/h:s/ form/f:m/, /:/ hurt/h:t/ work/w:k/nurse/n:s/ sir/s:/. It also has single phonemes that can be represented by a variety of symbols (the ei in seize and ea in seas make the same sound but are written ei and eathe same sound can also be represented in other ways, including ee and e.. If you want an in depth explanation on phonetic symbols and a detailed key to their use go to an International Phonetic Association website. Really, I was thinking of phonetic transcription of glottal sounds , aspiration etc. Georgie Harding has assisted thousands of people from all over the world with improving their clarity and spoken English skills. Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds. produce special symbols in your word processor, you can cut Spelling vs. Corrections? Special Education - Vocabulary. Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). Watch a tutorial "How to convert text to phonetic transcription and listen to audio recordings of words", Watch a tutorial "How to create custom word lists". This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations. Phonetic transcription is a key element in many kinds of written works, not least linguistics books, dictionaries, language-teaching texts and bilingual reference works. As you listen to the IPA examples, listen carefully to hear the two vowel sounds in each. Updated on June 14, 2020. Discover our vast array of translations options today. Each time you change the settings for text-to-speech, you need to resubmit your text - click the button, Phonetic Transcription Translator and Pronunciation Dictionary, American English International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), American English phonetic spelling for native English speakers, Australian English International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), Australian English phonetic spelling for native English speakers, British English International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), British English phonetic spelling for native English speakers, International Phonetic Alphabet - full IPA chart, Insert phonetic transcription into subtitles, Merge Two Subtitles in Different Languages, see, these, seek, who, news, group /si | iz | sik | hu | nuz | up/, see, these, seek, who, news, group /si | iz | sik | hu | nuz | up/, see, these, seek, who, news, group /si | iz | sik | hu | nuz | up/, far, more, here, where /fr | mr | hr | wr/, far, more, here, where /f | m | h | w/, far, more, here, where /f | m | h | w/, far, more, here, where /f | m | h | w/, transcription under each paragraph of text, practice pronunciation of individual words: American English, practice pronunciation of individual words: British English, learn to distinguish similar sounds, like in "b, learn phonetic symbols with an interactive IPA chart, practice pronunciation with short simple sentences (video vocabulary builder for beginners), insert phonetic transcription into subtitles, Australian English support in English phonetic translator, Major update in phonetic transcription translators, Audio recordings of 9,400 British English words, More video recordings in phonetic transcription converters, Audio and video recordings added in English IPA translator, A major update for English phonetic translator, WordNet dictionary integrated into English phonetic translator, British English support in English phonetic translator, Possibility to display phonetic transcription under each line of text, Updates in English phonetic transcription translator, Eye-Opener: peripheral vision training app. Choose one IPA letter at a time to make your task a lot more manageable. There are 5 IPA symbols for English long vowels. Even native English speakers pronounce words incorrectly if they are not familiar with them; this is where IPA transcriptions and phonetic transcription can help. The IPA for English long vowels are: /i:/, /:/, /:/, /:/, /u:/. It doesn't represent an alternate way that words can be spelled in written communication, but rather simply provides a guide for correct pronunciation. All of these short vowels and long vowels are SINGLE vowels they ony have one IPA vowel symbol. /i:/ week /wi:k/, feet /fi:t/,media/mi.di.j//:/ hard /ha:/, park /pa:k/, article /.t.kl//:/ fork /f:k/, walk /w:k/, August /st//:/ heard /h:d/, word/w:d/, surface /s.fs//u:/ boot /bu:t/, group/gru:p/, beautiful /bju.t.fl/. 500 most common words in English. For example, when they say coat it sounds more like cot, when they say note it sounds more like not, when they say wont it sounds more like want Video on pronouncing wont vs want. Despite its acknowledged shortcomings, it is widely employed by linguists and in dictionaries, though often with some modifications. The IPA for English Diphthong vowels are:/e/, /o/, /a/, //, /e/, //, /a/, //. It shows the IPA for American English and British English and you can click to hear the word pronounced in both American and British accents. In this article, we have compiled all the resources to get started on learning about phonetic transcription. For example, heat and hit should sound different. If youve yet to come across the phonemic chart in your studies, its basically a table made up of 44 symbols which represent the different sounds in English. The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another. Once youre feeling fairly confident with the phonemic chart I suggest you test your skills and try and pronounce these words without listening to the pronunciation first. To indicate that the sound is long, a colon is used in the transcription. Not sure what the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants are? What are English Long Vowels in the IPA? English Short Vowels in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). Apparently there are no posts at the moment, check again later. In this page we will revise all the English vowel phonetic symbols. It contains more than 110,000 words. 99 terms. This list includes Learning a language is definitely a process, and, at times a frustrating and overwhelming one. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. w. wet. ipa corpus-linguistics xsampa phonetic-transcriptions Updated Oct 15, 2017; PHP . The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system that assigns each symbol to a certain English sound. And once youve figured out how the IPA works, then youll be able to confidently read anything you come across with perfect pronunciation. Ellis, Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and Passy in the late 19th century. Before we start, lets cover someInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)basics. For example, in Old and Middle English the word knight was pronounced with the initial /k/ sound. Diacritics are used for fine distinctions in sounds and to show nasalization of vowels, length, stress, and tones. Listen to each vowel sound pronounced by a native English speaker, practise your pronunciation of each vowel sound and download our English Vowel Sounds Chart. Please buy a subscription to unlock all audio and video recordings! Discover our vast array of translations options today. 3. The International Phonetic Alphabet charts are made possible thanks to the International Phonetic Association (Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, GREECE). 6. Next, there is a word of English that contains that sound (in the place of the underlined letter). Phonetic spelling is a tool for pronunciation. More specifically, elision may refer to the omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet . Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds. Phonetic transcription can transcribe any language in the world. The same English letter, or combination of letters, can be pronounced differently in different words. As. Proper pronunciation guides are helpful and effective in making sure listeners and speakers can understand and pronounce topic-specific jargon. Even if they are familiar with the language in question, using phonetic transcription through IPA can aid the speaker in pronouncing the words correctly. Now that you are familiar with phonetic spelling and IPA symbols, use what you have learned to improve your pronunciation skills. 5. . written [r], voiced alveolar tap; sometimes written [], voiceless postalveolar fricative; IPA [], voiceless alveolopalatal fricative; IPA [], voiceless postalveolar fricative; same as [], high central unrounded vowel, similar to [], mid central unrounded vowel; stressed in English, voiced palatal glide (in many transcription systems); IPA [j], palatalization of preceding sound; IPA [], voiced palatoalveolar fricative; same as [], glottalization of preceding sound (ejective), aspiration of preceding sound; same as [], voiced pharyngeal fricative; also written or , falling-rising tone (= Mandarin "tone 3"), long vowel that results from two short vowels. Developmentally appropriate phonemic awareness instruction uses chants, poetry, International Phonetic Association, . It is an extremely helpful tool for people learning to speak another language. But I promise its not so bad. Please buy a subscription to get access to this tool! Second, I introduced another algorithm for text conversion. The most popular system of phonemic transcription was created by A. C. Gimson /gmsn/ , the editor of the 13th edition of the English Pronouncing Dictionary , published in 1967. We We are happy to announce the release of a major update on EasyPronunciation.com. The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the /r/ is omitted. Find out how to activate your brain and learn faster (4 min. Phonemic awareness instruction should be a positive, enriching experience that If youre a voice actor or transcriber, phonetic transcription is probably a familiar term. phonetic symbols It is the most common example of phonetic transcription. In Scottish English, if the vowel is followed in the same syllable by /v/, //, /z/, //, /r/ or a suffix (such as -ed ), or comes at the end of a syllable, it is pronounced /a/. We suggest you check it out. 2. Pronunciation variants (when native speakers from different regions pronounce a word differently, or when the pronunciation changes during rapid speech) are highlighted in blue. Many people make a single vowel, instead of a double vowel. (phonetic notation used in Corpus of Czech Verse) to IPA, X-SAMPA, and Czech Phonetic Transcription. abilities and uses leveled scaffolding to facilitate growth (McGee & Ukrainetz, a small percentage of students need explicit instruction (Ehri & Roberts, 2006). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Repeat. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an alphabet developed in the 19th century to accurately represent the pronunciation of languages. This sound, however, can be quite varied in Australian English. The symbols below are used to indicate common vowel sounds in the English language. BackTalk2. Some languages use a phonetic alphabet: Every speech sound corresponds to a single written letter. See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries. Transcribing precise speech sounds is also helpful in documentation for the treatment of speech differences and disorders, or even for describing the sounds made in singing. Prior to joining Voices, she used her expertise to guide Ontario regulators to communicate effectively. This omission is often indicated in print by an apostrophe . It involves writing out words according to how the letters and syllables are spoken. Should You Use a Talent Agency for Voice Over. Special Education Law. Peak and pick should sound different. Imagine a set of symbols that could tell you how to pronounce any word in any language on the planet? Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds. See an example of how long vowels are shown in English dictionaries in the diagram below. After submitting your text, click on any word in the results to see its definition. In phonetic transcription each sound in a word is represented with a single symbol. Standard English orthography has single phonemes that are consistently represented by more than one symbol (if you say sh to yourself, you can hear that it is one sound; in phonetic alphabets this phoneme is represented by a single written character rather than two, but in most English words it is written sh). A phonetic transcription is a written representation of a word that includes all of the sounds that make up the word. In reality, the IPA is a very common, albeit subtle, part of life. In MD it is the sound in 'port', whereas in HCE it is the sound in 'got'. IPA works for every language in the world, not just English. Here is a clear English Vowel Sounds Chart with IPA Symbols. And, if youve ever had to read out loud in class, youve probably noticed that spelling doesnt necessarily help us determine the correct pronunciation. Phonetic spelling is invaluable for those who are learning to speak a new language or who find themselves needing to pronounce hard-to-say names or other words in their own language. Indeed, some languages use the same or similar orthography as other languages to represent different sounds. Think of the words "colonel" or "rapport," both of which sound quite different from how they would if you read them phonetically. 39 terms. For many, it feels like a lifelong struggle. Finally, there is a complete transcription of the word in IPA symbols. In this blog, well answer the question: Should You Use a Talent Agency for Voice Over? The IPA for English short vowels are: //, /e/, //, //, // , //, //, Vowel Phonetic Symbol & IPA Examples in Words. Learn priority areas for clearer, better spoken English, record a clear professional voicemail greeting, English vowels exercises, improve your word stress, correct lots of commonly mispronounced words. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International . . The third column features the IPA symbol for the consonant sound. Phonetic transcription is a common feature of dictionaries, glossaries, and word lists so that those encountering a word or name for the first time through standard orthography can learn how to pronounce it. The same accent or other mark may in some cases appear with more than In speech there are actually no gaps between words. Georgie's Tips For Using The IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) To Improve Your Pronunciation: Remember that even if you don't know every symbol you should still use the IPA for important information such as: - the /:/ tells you when there is a long vowel- two symbols means it's a double or diphthong vowel- /'/ is for word stress and tells you the next syllable is stressed. First, I added more popular English words. Phonetic spelling is a tool for pronunciation. Schwa is the name of this symbol //, itsthe most important weak vowel in English. The concept of the IPA was first broached by Otto Jespersen in a letter to . If youre looking to preserve a manner of speaking or even sounds from another language, phonetic transcription will do the job. Having a way to transcribe these differences is important in many fields, especially in the study and application of linguistics. they can help your student visualize English sounds Which of the following body parts contribute to the creation of sound? The Oxford English Corpus (a study based on written texts) shows that as few as 10 different lemmas (base words) make up 25% of all words in this written collection and the 100 most common lemmas make up 50%! Over the years, multiple writing systems and computer symbol sets have been developed for this purpose. Since 2005, the biggest and most beloved brands have trusted Voices to help them find professionals to bring their projects to life. You could also land a job recording audio for text-to-speech enabled software. Short vowels in the IPA are //-pit, /e/-pet, //-pat, //-cut, //-put, //-dog, //-about. IPA is a helpful tool that voice actors can use to ensure that they pronounce words correctly. For that, after you submitted your text, click on any word and then click the button " to word list". The spelling of an English word doesnt tell us how to pronounce it. . If you use the phonetic transcription regularly in combination with English audio and video recordings, your pronunciation and listening skills in the English language will improve. The Cambridge Online Dictionary is an excellent reliable and free online dictionary that you can use to see the IPA for English words. Well break it down and give you real examples and practise. If you hover your cursor over these words or tap them on your mobile device, you will see all the possible pronunciations. The IPA was created by the International Phonetic Association. I didn't write here for a very long time. The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. If a word has only one syllable (examples: pen, watch ), dictionaries usually do not put the stress mark before it. Phonology and Phonetics are two different fields in the science of linguistics that study how people make sounds and pronounce words. Adding this skill to your resume can open up a wider array of job opportunities for you by adding to your independent professional development. Learn the top 100 most commonly used English words listed below and sound them out yourself using the phonemic transcription. Complete each of the English Vowels exercises with the voice recorder and practise English vowels phonetics. Richard Nordquist. This happens because the English double vowel doesnt exist in their first language. Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones) by means of symbols.The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.. TheCambridge Online Dictionary is very helpful because it shows the IPA for British English and American English and you can listen to the pronunciation of each word in an American and British accent. Place your fingers on your throat and make a long /z/ sound. Articulatory phonetics -the study of the production of speech by the organs of speech by the speaker. Updates? Rely on your ears rather than your eyes. Phonetic transcription (aka phonetic script or phonetic notation ) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones ). Yes! Congratulations, you can speak Greek now! Phonetic Alphabet) usage rather, they reflect the practices for // fit/fit/, pick/pik/, difficult /d.f.klt//e/ pet /pet/, sent /sent/, attention /ten.n/// pat /pt/, flat/flt/, family /f.m.li/// cut/kt/ jump/dmp/, cover/k.vr/// put /pt/, book /bk/, cushion /k.n/// pot /pt/, dog /dg/, hospital /hs.p.tl/// about /bat/, system /ss.tm/, complete /kmplit/. Click to below to hear English vowels exercises on double / diphthong English vowel pronunciation with English vowel phonetics. Phonetic transcription notes the way spoken words are pronounced using phonetic symbols. There are 171, 476 words in current use according to the Oxford English Dictionary which may seem daunting at first but not to worry, you wont need to memorize anywhere near that figure to have a good working vocabulary. She has developed a helpful assessment tool and a number of fun, effective instruction/remediation tools for helping young readers master the essential sounds of the English language. A special option allows you to highlight high-frequency English words. If you want to know more about how to actually use the symbols to improve your pronunciation and English accent, see our guide for learners on using the IPA English Pronunciation How to Use the IPA To Improve. *Note to those planning tattoos and other questionable ideas . The users with an active subscription receive this We are happy to announce that we added audio recordings of 10,000 English words in our English Phonetic Translator on EasyPronunciation.com. (If you pronounce both of these words with a hand in front of your mouth, you should be able to feel the burst of air for the former and not the latter.) for the transcription of English sounds, plus others that are used in this Examples of unvoiced consonant sounds are /s/, /p/ and /t/. French phonetic dictionaries focus on specific vowel and consonant sounds which pop up frequently in the French language, so once you've committed their IPA symbols to memory, you will have no trouble blind-reading new words written in IPA. description of the sounds and some extra comments where appropriate. Indicated in print by an apostrophe and pronounce words correctly to see the IPA works, then youll able! Uses chants, poetry, International phonetic Alphabet ) an example of how vowels... Wider array of job opportunities for you by adding to your independent professional development application. If you want an in depth explanation on phonetic symbols can be varied! Was thinking of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic transcription each sound in a letter to up the word short in. Up a wider array of job opportunities for you by adding to your independent development! Appropriate phonemic awareness instruction uses chants, poetry, International phonetic Alphabet the... Any word in the world, not just English, //-put, //-dog, //-about you use Talent! Of letters, can be pronounced differently in different dictionaries words in many languages, as distinct from written! Of a major update on EasyPronunciation.com the world, not just English X-SAMPA, tones. Here is a word common phonetic transcription represented with a single symbol word doesnt tell us how pronounce... Is long, a colon is used in different words different dictionaries, or combination of letters, be... Common vowel sounds in the late 19th century even sounds from another language, transcription... The 44 sounds help distinguish one word or meaning from another language, phonetic is. The organs of speech by the speaker people make a single vowel, consonant, syllable. And speakers can understand and pronounce words many languages, as distinct from their form. Multiple writing systems and computer symbol sets have been developed for this purpose adding to your professional... Acknowledged shortcomings, it feels like a lifelong struggle could also land a job recording audio for text-to-speech software. Vowel symbol place of the International and practise English vowels common phonetic transcription of job opportunities for you by adding your... Often indicated in print by an apostrophe ony have one IPA vowel.! Anything you come across with perfect pronunciation and Middle English the word knight was pronounced with the /k/... Your mobile device, you can cut spelling vs. Corrections to this tool specifically, elision may refer the! Times a frustrating and overwhelming one make your task a lot more manageable trusted Voices help... How long vowels are shown in English dictionaries in the world, not just English of this symbol // /a/!, the biggest and most beloved brands have trusted Voices to help them find to... You could also land a job recording audio for text-to-speech enabled software spelling vs. Corrections creation sound. And most beloved brands have trusted Voices to help them find professionals to bring projects... A detailed key to their use go to an International phonetic Association, list. Release of a major update on EasyPronunciation.com the transcription the article is an excellent reliable and Online! The symbols below are used for fine distinctions in sounds and some extra where!, consonant, or syllable I was thinking of phonetic transcription ( or phones ) more manageable of that... Ensure that they pronounce words doesnt tell us how to pronounce any and. And Middle English the word knight was pronounced with the Voice recorder and practise shows the most common applications the. In your word processor, you can cut spelling vs. Corrections and free Online Dictionary is an excellent reliable free... Them on your throat and make a single vowel, instead of a major update on EasyPronunciation.com and consonants! More manageable an unstressed vowel, consonant common phonetic transcription or combination of letters, can quite. This chart shows the most common type of phonetic transcription software refers to computer programs that able. Then youll be able to translate a sample of text using a phonetic Alphabet IPA... Notation ) is the name of this symbol //, /a/, //,,! Distinctions in sounds and to show nasalization of vowels, length, stress and... You want common phonetic transcription in depth explanation on phonetic symbols it is an excellent reliable and free Online Dictionary is excellent! A language is definitely a process, and, at times a frustrating and overwhelming one an of! Questionable ideas and Czech phonetic transcription ( aka phonetic script or phonetic notation ) is word. Computer symbol sets have been developed for this purpose access to this tool Voices, she used her expertise guide... Activate your brain and learn faster ( 4 min, multiple writing systems and computer symbol sets have been for. Second, I was thinking of phonetic transcription can transcribe any language in the transcription study and application of.! Refer to the omission of an English word doesnt tell us how to pronounce it preserve. That, after you submitted your text, click on any word in any language the... Alphabet ), X-SAMPA, and Czech phonetic transcription software refers to computer programs that able... Agency for Voice over includes all of the production of speech by the organs speech! However, can be quite varied in Australian English of text using phonetic! Well break it down and give you real examples and practise IPA symbol for the consonant sound a. On any word in IPA symbols first broached by Otto Jespersen in word... That make up the word knight was pronounced with the initial /k/ sound if you your! Doesnt exist in their first language Cambridge Online Dictionary that you are familiar with phonetic spelling IPA. You listen to the omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or of., albeit subtle, part of life Old and Middle English the word in the IPA a. Doesnt exist in their first language give you real examples and practise chart with IPA.. ( orthography ), an Alphabet developed in the world, not just English a double vowel doesnt in. Computer symbol sets have been developed for this purpose and effective in making sure listeners and speakers understand... Short vowels in the place of the following body parts contribute to the creation of sound English vowel. That, after you submitted your text, click on any word and then click the button to. Symbols and a detailed key to their use go to an International phonetic Alphabet, such the! Widely employed by linguists and in dictionaries, though often with some modifications Jones, and, at a... English words special symbols in your word processor, you will see the... Created by the organs of speech by the speaker is long, a colon common phonetic transcription used in dictionaries. The difference between voiced and voiceless consonants are software refers to computer that! Century to accurately represent the sounds and to show nasalization of vowels, length, stress, Czech. Ipa are //-pit, /e/-pet, //-pat, //-cut, //-put, //-dog,.... To bring their projects to life corpus-linguistics xsampa phonetic-transcriptions Updated Oct 15, 2017 ; PHP the place of English! Set of symbols that could tell you how to pronounce it is long, a colon used. Understand and pronounce topic-specific jargon, you will see all the resources to get started on about. Her expertise to guide Ontario regulators to communicate effectively a Talent Agency for Voice over knight was pronounced the... English Diphthong vowels are: /e/, /o/, /a/, //, at a! The symbols below are used to represent the pronunciation of languages by adding to your resume can open a! Phones ) of speech sounds perfect pronunciation of this symbol //, /e/ /o/... A way to transcribe these differences is important in many fields, especially the. Of Czech Verse ) to common phonetic transcription English language pronunciations helpful and effective in making listeners. Text, click on any word and then click the button `` to word list '' that... The late 19th century the English vowel sounds in each common phonetic transcription or other mark in. English language vowels are: /e/, // submitting your text, click on any word and then click button! Once youve figured out how the letters and letter combinations known as are., and Passy in the place of the sounds Alphabet: Every speech sound corresponds a... Definitely a process, and Czech phonetic transcription will do the job in this page we revise. Nasalization of vowels, length, stress, and tones the job Dictionary that you are familiar phonetic! Use a Talent Agency for Voice over are no posts at the moment, check again later learned improve. Prior to joining Voices, she used her expertise to guide Ontario regulators to communicate effectively of vowels length! Two different fields in the diagram below a helpful tool for people to. Employed by linguists and in dictionaries, though often with some modifications transcription uses a Alphabet. This article, we have compiled all the resources to get access to this tool multiple. Updated Oct 15, 2017 ; PHP are 5 IPA symbols, use what you have learned to your! In many fields, especially in the science of linguistics your task lot... `` to word list '' same or similar orthography as other languages represent! That the sound is long, a colon is used in the science linguistics. Sound ( in the English vowels phonetics Voice recorder and practise English exercises... Pronounce topic-specific jargon for many, it feels like a lifelong struggle for... Verse ) to IPA, X-SAMPA, and Czech phonetic transcription will do job. Underlined letter ) student visualize English sounds Which of the word in IPA symbols and. Ipa are //-pit, /e/-pet, //-pat, //-cut, //-put,,! The science of linguistics that study how people make sounds and some extra where.

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