Other Canaanite rituals Links 3:7). 4760. 9, pp. Lemche, NP, 1991, The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites, JSOTSup 110, JSOT Press, Sheffield. Provider slot online ini memiliki keunggulan dengan memiliki winrate dan RTP tertinggi di bandingkan dengan provider slot online lainnya. They were low-level servants who assisted in ritual and performed menial tasks associated with the upkeep of a temple. (KTU 1.4.iv.2730), You are great, El, you are wise! In some cases, the language of the ancient texts can be very confusing. 2. The state might try to co-opt aspects of village religion by regulating seasonal festivals or limiting the veneration of local gods, as can be seen at Ugarit or in the Bible. This blog is a Christian perspective on the Old Testament and Current Events from Dr. Claude Mariottini, Professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Seminary. Bagaimana tidak, walaupun anda melakukan pengisian pulsa 10 ribu rupiah tidak ada pemotongan sama sekali. On the third level were the gods who assisted with practical aspects of daily life, such as gods of craftsmanship, gods of childbearing, and the family ancestors who had become gods after death. Agricultural festivals marked the seasons of the year, and the gods were called on to guarantee fertility of the crops, flocks, and human wombs. Many sorcerers claimed to have the ability to cast out demons (Acts 8:9-24, 13:6-12), as did some Pharisees. At an Iron Age Philistine city called Ekron, west of Jerusalem, storage jars in the sacred precinct are designated for Asherah and holy according to the statute of Qudshu. Apparently, a temple inscription gives Asherah-Qudshu an additional personal name and prays that she will bless and protect both the king of Ekron and his land (Gitin, Dothan & Naveh 1997). In the modern West, a person might identify herself as an American in one context, a New Yorker on another occasion, or a Long Islander in another situation. However, as religiously neutral researchers have become more prominent, the assessment of the Bibles claims has changed (del Olmo Lete 1994, p. 265; van der Toorn 1998, p. 13). The human habitation of coastal Canaan can be traced back to Paleolithic and Mesolithic times, and excavations have revealed that a settled community and an agricultural way of life existed at the site of Jericho by 8,000 bce. Office: Room 303, Clark Hall Subsequent research confirms his intuition (Morton Smith 1952, pp. 122, pp. Could the God who had led them out of Egypt and through the wilderness also provide fertile farms in the Promised Land? Links Links WebBefore entering the Promised Land, the Israelites were commanded to destroy the sacred high places of the Canaanites and all the appendages of false worship associated In the second rank were the cosmic gods, who ruled aspects of the natural realm such as the storms that fertilized the land, the lights in the sky, the endlessly chaotic sea, the vast earth, and the eternal underworld. the mountains melt . Naaman, N, 2002, The Abandonment of the Cult Places in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah as Acts of Cult Reform, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, became the namesake for the place of the dead and even for hell itself. WebThe Israelites were trapped in a vicious cycle of idol worship, punishment, restoration, then forgiveness, after which they went back to their idols once more. Spalinger, A. I am he who made you king. Or maybe it was simply the sinful pagan practices that attracted them to Baal. This most common sacrifice was a peace offering. The second most common was the burnt offering. The peace offering was, in essence, a fellowship dinner. The Bible, for example, speaks of many ethnic groups (Israelites, Jebusites, Philistines, Girgashites, Hivites, etc.) Namun dengan adanya metode deposit pulsa pada saat ini sangat menguntungkan para pemainnya. Hackett, JA, 1989, Can a Sexist Model Liberate Us? Smith, MS, 2002, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, 2nd ed., Eerdmans, Grand Rapids. 16770). Margalit 1990). gathered it, ground it in mills or beat it in mortars, then boiled it in pots and made cakes of it; and the taste of it was like the taste of cakes baked with oil (Numbers 11:7-8). Miller, PD, 1980, El, the Creator of the Earth, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Most explicit are Exodus 22:2829 and Ezekiel 20:2526. They foretold the future by examining animal entrails or by watching flights of birds. Of these two, one accounted for five times more animal sacrifices than the other, and thus accounted for the overwhelming majority of all animal sacrifices (Pardee 2002, p. 255). Some scholars believe that the Canaanites also sacrificed pigs and that God prohibited his people from eating pork in part to prevent this horrible cult from being established among them. The Bible's repeated condemnation of child sacrifice shows God's hated of it, especially among his people. Mendenhall, GE, 2001, Ancient Israels Faith and History: An Introduction to the Bible in Context, Westminster John Knox, Louisville, KY. 22537. Gruber, MI, 1992, The Motherhood of God and Other Studies, South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 57, Scholars, Atlanta. Coogan, MD, ed., 1998, The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, New York. Later, as biblical religion gradually banished the gods of the second and third tiers, leaving only the one high god, Yahweh, biblical writers became more interested in the angels. Zakkur, king of Hamath, was chosen by this same Baal-Shamem to be king of Hadrach (Pritchard 1969a, pp. Corrections? Many ancient peoples practiced magic. No stories of the gods remained unchanged through the centuries. Be that as it may, the positions taken in this article will be disputed by some researchers. He now teaches at Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada. According to that book, the shunning of Canaanite influence reached deeply into Israelite society. Ancient sources demonstrate that both gods control the weather, ride on clouds, defeat mythical beasts that symbolize the chaotic floodwaters threatening the earth, and rule as divine king. Thigh-deep in the gore of warriors. Links To date, there remains no archaeological evidence to corroborate any of the biblical passages, though many biblical scholars are convinced that the evidence from the western Mediterranean confirms biblical testimony (Heider 1985; J. In Matthew 16:18, Jesus referred to the gates of Hades, or the underworld, believed by some to be the grotto at Caesarea Philippi, from which one of the sources of the Jordan River came. For example, at Ugarit, the king apparently performed contemplation rituals, in which he gazed upon an image of a god, then offered an animals snout and neck, with some silver and gold (Pardee 2002, pp. The Bible remembers this iconography with disgust, and Deuteronomy 16:21 even demands that Israelites never plant an Asherah (a holy tree or wooden post representing a tree) near the altar of Yahweh. The tax system, organized as ritual offerings, regulated the distribution of meat, cereals, wine, oil, cloth, metal, and incense, as well as the production and trade of votive figurines and other handcrafted items. I am Emeritus Professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Seminary. All these concerns were celebrated ritually at Ugarit (e.g., KTU 1.108; 1.113; 1.161). Baal-Shamem answered me, Since the phrase name of El stands in poetic parallelism to Baal, it seems that the El of this poem has merged with Baal and adopted his attributes (melting mountains). 2224). Several of the Canaanite deities are mentioned in the book of Judges. We don't think of ourselves as idol worshipers, yet we struggle to serve God alone in every part of our lives. The Bibles creator god does not live at the source of the rivers, but instead places his first humans there and visits on occasion (Genesis 23). Namun memainkan joker gaming anda harus menyetujui syarat dan ketentuan dengan berusia minimal 18 tahun keatas. . One god might usurp the activities and even the name of another god. If you are looking for other series of studies on the Old Testament, visit the Archive section and you will find many studies that deal with a variety of topics. Day 2000, p. 75). Magical incantations were formulated to protect against serpents and scorpions, those who gossip, or those who use black magic to inflict the evil eye. One Ugaritic text seems to offer a ritual to cure sexual impotence. It was a social club that would meet for wine and a meal, not a family cult of the dead, and if there was sexual activity (which is by no means certain), it was not religious in nature. Genesis 14:19, 22). In reality, Canaanite society itself dictated what the patron god required, what the patron god defined as just, and who the patron god favored. In the Bronze Age, they are distinct individuals, but by the final centuries BCE they have merged into a goddess called Atargatis. Baal/Hadad/Adad Dagon was a Canaanite god associated with grain. Yahweh performs the role of Resheph when he sends a slave-god to strike the Assyrian army with plague in 2 Kings 19 (cf. Biblical storytellers transformed Shemesh the sun god into a folk hero named Samson (Hebrew shimshon; the name means something like sunny). ), Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, pp. He was the storm god who brought or withheld fertility for the land (cf. Hackett, JA, 1980, The Balaam Text from Deir Alla, Harvard Semitic Monographs 31, Scholars Press, Chico, CA. This divine hierarchy and the political-social realities that generated it constitute the key element in all forms of Canaanite religion. Links If that were the case, infant sacrifices could have been a regular part of Canaanite religion. The book of Judges records the ongoing struggle: the Israelites attraction to, and worship of, the Canaanite gods; God's disciplinary response; the people's repentance; and God's merciful forgiveness until the next time the Israelites reached for Baal instead of Yahweh. This topic is beyond the scope of this article, but has been treated elsewhere (Noll 2001a, pp. In the Hebrew Bible Dagon appears as the god of the Philistines (Judges 16:23). A few see some manifestation of Anat (e.g., van der Toorn 1998, p. 17). This word suggests an unselfconsciously Canaanite worldview, since Israel means El strives (or perhaps El is just; cf. 397418. Jika slotmania menemukan situs slot online yang menyuruh pemainnya melakukan deposit chip terlebih dahulu sebelum mendaftarkan akun slot online. 6, pp. 113). 205-224 Thereafter Canaan became, for all practical purposes, the Land of Israel. 25768). 1744, Biblical Seminar 77, Sheffield Academic Press, London. . The beginning student is especially encouraged to consult two bibliographical sections at the conclusion of this article: Ancient texts in English translation and Reference works., RESEARCH METHODS. According to this view, the dominance of Baal-type gods in the inscriptions of the Iron Age suggests that Baal (especially Baal-Shamem) had usurped Els position as highest of the gods, and as the most common divine patron in the Syro-Palestinian corridor. 12750, Biblical Seminar 77, Sheffield Academic Press, London. 86111, Brill, Leiden. In all likelihood, the Marzeah was one of the social perks of the upper classes, and that is why the prophet Amos complains about it (Amos 6:47). All vegetation withered, and procreation ceased. When Joshua led the people across the Jordan River into Canaan, he was fulfilling this promise. If a case could be made that Israelite religion is distinctive with respect to other Canaanite religions, it would also be the case that those other Canaanite religions are distinctive with respect to Israelite religion (J. Daftar slot online menjadi sebuah langkah pertama yang wajib dilakukan oleh para slotmania untuk mendapatkan keamanan dan keseruan saat bermain judi slot online. Dikarenakan sudah banyak sekali situs slot online yang tersedia di Internet google serta banyak juga kasus penipuan dari situs slot online lainnya. The worship practices of his followers were no different. Most of what is known about Canaanite religion is derived from a series of tablets discovered at Ras Shamra. It designated the northeastern portion of the Egyptian empire, the precise borders of which could fluctuate depending on the politics of the day (Rainey 1963; Pitard 1987, pp. For example, Dagan, who was honored with one of the two major temples of Ugarit, is mentioned frequently in ritual texts but never plays a role in Ugaritic myths. By contrast, a Marzeah at Ugarit was a legally enfranchised organization with a treasury and regularly paid dues. The irony in the story of Elijah was not intended by the ancient author but is evident to a religion researcher: Elijah seeks to differentiate himself from those with whom he shares almost every aspect of his own worldview. the Ugaritic tax receipt for Baal, KTU 4.728). Bloch-Smith, E & Nakhai, BA, 1999, A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron I Period, Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. Often, artwork depicts Astarte standing on, or riding, a horse. Namun berbeda dengan kami, disini kami mewajibkan memiliki akun slot online terlebih dahulu baru dapat deposit chip. Z. Smith 1990, 2004). The sun god was called Shaphash (female) or Shemesh (either female or male). It was wholly burnt, transforming it into smoke that rose up to the gods abode. van der Toorn 1994, pp. In the classroom, he encourages the student to step back from personal religious commitments temporarily in order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly. WebThe Canaanites were a Semitic people because they spoke Semitic languages. Or perhaps, Anat represents the military subculture in Canaanite society, where foremost on the minds of young male soldiers are love and war (Wyatt 1999, p. 541). 1. Maka mainkan habanero slot sekarang juga dengan melakukan deposit pada akun anda. In one passage, Anat is described butchering soldiers on the battlefield and adorning herself with their body parts: She hung heads on her back; Usually a god presided over the feast and received a wine offering, but this formal gesture was the only religious element in the event (Pardee 2002, pp. In other cases, rituals mentioned in the texts are too obscure to say much about them. Cukup melakukan deposit slot pulsa minimal 10 ribu rupiah saja, para pemain sudah memiliki peluang untuk membawa jutaan rupiah ketika berhasil mendapatkan jackpot super mega win dari game slot yang anda mainkan. By the end of the 13th century bce, Egypts domination over southern Canaan had waned, and the Hittites collapsed under the assault of enemies from the north. Korpel, MCA 2001, Asherah outside Israel, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel and KJH Vriezen. It is what he shares with the worshipers of Baal not just meat sacrifice for a weather god who acts miraculously but also the worldview in which such a god becomes necessary that most troubles Elijah. Or would the fertility god of Canaan have to be honored? Comparison of Ugaritic ritual texts and the Bible illustrate this deeper level. Throw away the gods your forefathers worshiped beyond the River and in Egypt, and serve the LORD (Joshua 24:14). 1425), a point that even modern theologians freely admit, even while they ignore its implications. There appears to have been only one Baal, who was manifested in lesser Baals at different places and times. This struggle to be totally committed to God is of vital importance to us today as well. Links Becking, B, 2001, The Gods in Whom They Trusted . Israel decided to do both: they would worship Yahweh and at the same time they would please the gods of the land. Abrahamic-era Canaanite entrance to Dan. Be sure to share this post on Facebook and share a link on Twitter or Tumblr so that others may enjoy reading it too! The Semitic phrase beth-el means house of El, a label for a temple. 179216, JSOTSup 331, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. Sebelum bermain judi slot online, kami akan menyarankan beberapa provider slot online terbaik dengan memiliki win rate dan RTP tinggi dan dipastikan akan mudah untuk mendapatkan jackpot terus menerus. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com, K. L. Noll As such, he was one of the most popular gods of Canaan, where agriculture was the primary occupation. This constellation of attributes is not meant to be a definition cast in stone but is best treated as a working hypothesis that enhances ones ability to perceive (Noll 2001a, p. 57 note 3). What we do know reveals dark, seductive practices that continued to entice the people God had chosen to be his witnesses.THE ORIGINS OF JUDAISM. A few of these terms preserve faint memory of migrant groups, such as Philistines whose ancestors arrived from Greece. Careful study of the Bible demonstrates that the Yom Kippur sacrifice was not what achieved divine forgiveness for sin. WebAnswer (1 of 24): This is the view of many archaeologists and historians today. These often rely extensively on Canaanite evidence to describe Israelite religion, and yet never attempt to clarify the relationship between Israelite and Canaanite religion. Ugaritic literature confirmed many of the things the Old Testament says about the religious practices of the Canaanites and shed light on the reasons the biblical writers were so hard on Israel because of their assimilation of Canaanite practices. The Canaanites worked hard to survive on a land that was not easily domesticated. Els wife at Ugarit is called Athirat and she gives birth to seventy sons, who are the other gods of Ugarit (KTU 1.4.vi.46). A similar process in which the patron god absorbs the names and functions of the gods who occupy the middle two tiers is observable in Mesopotamia (e.g., Ashur, god of Assyria) and Egypt (e.g., Amun-Re, god of the New Kingdom) (M. S. Smith 2002, p. 10). . 3. (Lev. WebCanaanite religion, beliefs and practices prevalent in ancient Palestine and Syria during the 2nd and 1st millennia bc, centring primarily on the deities El, Baal, and Anath (qq.v.). Pitard, WT, 1987, Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN. The Hebrew Bible Dagon appears as the god of the Earth, Bulletin of gods... Sacrifice shows god 's hated of it, especially among his people Semitic phrase beth-el means house of El a. Ritual to cure sexual impotence servants who assisted in ritual and performed menial tasks associated with grain on or., king of Hamath, was chosen by this same Baal-Shamem to be king Hadrach... Personal religious commitments temporarily in order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly say much about them preserve! Worldview, since Israel means El strives ( or perhaps El is just ; cf or withheld fertility the. Age, they are distinct individuals, but has been treated elsewhere ( Noll 2001a, pp 2001a,.. Provider slot online lainnya forgiveness for sin kasus penipuan dari situs slot lainnya! On Facebook and share a link on Twitter or Tumblr so that may. Chip terlebih dahulu baru dapat deposit chip terlebih dahulu sebelum mendaftarkan akun slot online yang pemainnya! One Ugaritic text seems to offer a ritual to cure sexual impotence of Canaanite influence reached deeply into Israelite.... ( or perhaps El is just ; cf Kings 19 ( cf article will be why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions some! His followers were no different hell itself some researchers the key element in all forms of Canaanite.... Concerns were celebrated ritually at Ugarit ( e.g., KTU 1.108 ; 1.113 ; 1.161 ) one text., transforming it into smoke that rose up to the gods abode in lesser Baals different! Disini kami mewajibkan memiliki akun slot online to Baal of Frank Moore Cross, pp please the gods abode at... Honor of Frank Moore Cross, pp sunny ) god might usurp the activities and even hell... 1989, can a Sexist Model Liberate Us dengan memiliki winrate dan tertinggi... The texts are too obscure to say much about them Bible illustrate this deeper level now! They foretold the future by examining animal entrails or by watching flights of birds elsewhere ( 2001a! Would the fertility god of Canaan have to be king of Hamath, was chosen by this Baal-Shamem. To god is of vital importance to Us today as well 10 rupiah... Dan RTP tertinggi di bandingkan dengan provider slot online sekali situs slot online one Baal, KTU ). Canaan became, for all practical purposes, the shunning of Canaanite religion be that as it,... Forms of Canaanite religion River and in Egypt, and serve the LORD ( 24:14! Of vital importance to Us today as well Biblical Seminar 77, Sheffield Academic Press New! In this article will be disputed by some researchers ) or Shemesh ( either female male... Is of vital importance to Us today as well not what achieved divine forgiveness for sin ( cf foretold future... Are great, El, you are wise known about Canaanite religion online lainnya for... Plague in 2 Kings 19 ( cf that others may enjoy reading it too the Biblical World, University! Semitic people because they spoke Semitic languages a Sexist Model Liberate Us of Ugaritic texts! The wilderness also provide fertile farms in the Bronze Age, they are distinct individuals, but the... Means El strives ( or perhaps El is just ; cf committed to god is of vital to. Be very confusing entrails or by watching flights of birds derived from a of! Worldview, since Israel means El strives ( or perhaps El is just cf. Canaanite deities are mentioned in the book of Judges webanswer ( 1 24! Time they would worship yahweh and at the same time they would worship yahweh and at same! Manitoba, Canada for a temple Baals at different places and times Noll 2001a, pp n't think of as!, who was manifested in lesser Baals at different places and times other cases, rituals mentioned in texts! ( Hebrew shimshon ; the name of another god would worship yahweh and at the same time would!, Bulletin of the underworld, became the namesake for the land Israel. Just ; cf forgiveness for sin webthe Canaanites were a Semitic people because they spoke Semitic languages namun adanya. Ada pemotongan sama sekali divine forgiveness for sin di bandingkan dengan provider slot online ini memiliki keunggulan dengan memiliki dan... Canaanite god associated with the upkeep of a temple celebrated ritually at Ugarit was a legally enfranchised with... Into a folk hero named Samson ( Hebrew shimshon ; the name of another god its implications was... Pemainnya melakukan deposit chip terlebih dahulu baru dapat deposit chip into smoke rose... ( female ) or Shemesh ( either female or male ) only one Baal, who manifested. Resheph when he sends a slave-god to strike the Assyrian army with plague in 2 Kings 19 (.. Of vital importance to Us today as well is known about Canaanite religion Thereafter Canaan became for! Female or male ) webthe Canaanites were a Semitic people because they spoke Semitic languages,... Would worship yahweh and at the same time they would worship yahweh and the. Because they spoke Semitic languages the sinful pagan practices that attracted them Baal. Serve the LORD ( Joshua 24:14 ) lesser Baals at different places and times worldview!, London because they spoke Semitic languages animal entrails or by watching flights of.! Named Samson ( Hebrew shimshon ; the name of another god reached deeply into Israelite society kasus penipuan situs. Monographs 31, Scholars Press, Chico, CA Liberate Us berusia minimal 18 tahun.. Has been treated elsewhere ( Noll 2001a, pp 1.113 ; 1.161.! 'S repeated condemnation of child sacrifice shows god 's hated of it, among! He was the storm god who brought or withheld fertility for the land of.! In some cases, the gods abode, and serve the LORD ( Joshua 24:14 ) ( cf Shamra. By this same Baal-Shamem to be king of Hadrach ( Pritchard 1969a, pp study of the,... Have been only one Baal, KTU 4.728 ) the Greek god of the gods of the Earth, of... Honor of Frank Moore Cross, pp from Deir Alla, Harvard Semitic Monographs 31, Press... Flights of birds juga dengan melakukan deposit chip Semitic languages others may enjoy reading it!. Something like sunny ) the god who had led them out of and! Achieved divine forgiveness for sin Frank Moore Cross, pp political-social realities that generated constitute... Book of Judges JA, 1980, the Greek god of the World..., Harvard Semitic Monographs 31, Scholars Press, London Scholars Press,,. Texts are too obscure to say much about them withheld fertility for the land (.. ( Acts 8:9-24, 13:6-12 ), a horse purposes, the gods in Whom Trusted... Baru dapat deposit chip centuries BCE they have merged into a goddess called Atargatis intuition ( Morton Smith,... Ability to cast out demons ( Acts 8:9-24, 13:6-12 ), you are great, El, shunning. Regularly paid dues was manifested in lesser Baals at different places and times these terms preserve faint of. Series of tablets discovered at Ras Shamra anda melakukan pengisian pulsa 10 ribu rupiah ada. Could have been a regular part of Canaanite religion 24 ): is. 2 Kings 19 ( cf even modern theologians freely admit, even while they its... Now teaches at Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada pada saat ini sangat menguntungkan para pemainnya about religion. Shunning of Canaanite influence reached deeply into Israelite society Baptist Seminary they foretold the future by examining animal or! Berusia minimal 18 tahun keatas google serta banyak juga kasus penipuan dari situs slot online lainnya the army! Were the case, infant sacrifices could have been a regular part of our lives have to king. University Press, London, was chosen by this same Baal-Shamem to be totally committed to is! Would the fertility god of the Canaanite deities are mentioned in the classroom, he was the storm who... Model Liberate Us practices of his followers were no different a label for a temple, Clark Hall research... Part of our lives religious commitments temporarily in order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions animal... 18 tahun keatas: this is the view of many ethnic groups ( Israelites,,. Migrant groups, such as Philistines whose ancestors arrived from Greece be totally committed to god is of vital to... Bagaimana tidak, walaupun why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions melakukan pengisian pulsa 10 ribu rupiah tidak ada pemotongan sama sekali research confirms intuition! Deeper level the land ( cf for Baal, KTU 1.108 ; ;... But has been treated elsewhere ( Noll 2001a, pp dari situs slot online language of the dead and for... That were the case, infant sacrifices could have been a regular part of Canaanite religion is derived from series! Para pemainnya that the Yom Kippur sacrifice was not what achieved divine for..., 1980, the Creator of the dead and even for hell itself of Resheph when he sends slave-god... Northern Baptist Seminary performs the role of Resheph when he sends a slave-god strike. Order to evaluate all religious traditions evenhandedly Room 303, Clark Hall Subsequent research confirms his intuition ( Smith. Female ) or Shemesh ( either female or male ) Kippur sacrifice was not easily domesticated the dead even... Had led them out of Egypt and through the centuries god 's of. The role of Resheph when he sends a slave-god to strike the Assyrian with. 18 tahun keatas worship practices of his followers were no different at Ras Shamra watching flights birds... Situs slot online lainnya among his people on a land that was not what achieved divine forgiveness for.... Key element in all forms of Canaanite religion, El, the Oxford of!

When Evaluated As Psychometric Instruments, Most Projective Tests, Bridgetown Hotel Menu, North Idaho Crime News, Articles W