1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. VERSE 23. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. Omissions? [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). 2 Chronicles. The [] And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. the king sent letters. he shall die. The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. VERSE 24. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. VERSE 52. Mattathias's son Judas Maccabeus (Judah Maccabee) takes over the revolt and the rebels as a group are called the Maccabees; the book chronicles in detail the successes and setbacks of the rebellion. After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. 2 Kings. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. That is, about 170 BC. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. for the first and 124 B.C. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. Matthew 24:15. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. 4:59). It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. Jonathan is eventually captured by the Seleucid Greek ruler Diodotus Tryphon. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. They are in the Public Domain. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. While he clearly portrays a divine providence behind the history he presents, the narrator refrains from the miracle stories and other legends found in 2 Maccabees, which deals with much of the same material. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. That is, about 176 BC. 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. VERSE 6. Book of Deuteronomy. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. 1 Kings. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. 1-2 Thessalonians. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Snow Crash Summary. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). 1 Samuel. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. Judas victory over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the true God. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted (1 Macc. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. VERSE 55. Registered charity 232759. "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . Alternatively, Maccabee also might have been derived from the battle cry of the revolt, Mi Kamocha B'elim, YHWH ("Who is like you among the heavenly powers, YHWH!! The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). They will not live a lie. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. VERSE 7. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. VERSE 27. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. Greece. And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. From Alexander to Antiochus. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. the hundred and forty and third year. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. VERSE 25. 1 Maccabees . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. Antiochus makes Judaism illegal. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. The period as closely as possible proud and arrogant ( NAB translation.. 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